Ngati inu, owerenga, simunakwanitse zaka makumi atatu, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri, kapena zosatheka, kuti muganizire momwe panali ochita zisudzo, ochita zisudzo komanso oyimba omwe mzaka za m'ma 1930 adapereka ziwonetsero zawo pasiteji popanda maikolofoni.
Ndipo sindikunena za nyumba zowonetserako zokha zomwe mwachilengedwe zimaphunzitsidwa bwino mawu amunthu, koma malo akulu okonzekereratu, monga kupha ng'ombe kapena bwalo lamasewera, chimodzimodzi ndi ochita zisudzo, kuwonjezera pakuwapondereza pagulu, adadzaza ndi mawu awo osafunikira zobisalira zamagetsi. Kuphatikizika kwa ojambula kunalipo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1950 zisanachitike ndikukongoletsa ntchito zomwe zimayimilidwa m'mabwalo aku Mexico.
Gawo limodzi lotere, mwina loyamba, linali Esperanza Iris Theatre. Zowonadi, kuyambira pomwe idatsegulidwa pa Meyi 25, 1918, idakhala bwalo lamasewera lokhala ndiudindo wapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa onse omwe analipo ku Mexico City.
Esperanza Iris idachokera pazotsalira zaholo ina: Xicoténcatl, yomwe idawonongedwa kwathunthu kusiya malowa ali okonzeka kumanga Iris.
Xicoténcatl adabadwa pakati pa 1914 ndi 1915 ndi nyenyezi yoyipa. Pakukweza, zidalamulidwa kuti kukhalapo kwake kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa; Makoma ambiri anali opangidwa ndi matabwa ndipo anthu okwana 1,500 anali ndi mphamvu zokwanira 1,500, zomwe zidawonjezera kuyandikira kwa Chamber of Deputies, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti gulu lothandiziranalo lipereke lamulo: "... ngati zadziwika kuti phokoso lipangidwa Chokhumudwitsa kukhala ndi magawo am'mbuyomu komanso ntchito zamadipatimenti ake aliwonse, sipangakhale chilolezo chazokambirana nthawi ndi nthawi pomwe ntchito ya Chamber idasokonekera.
Chifukwa chake, a Xicoténcatl sanachite bwino. Pambuyo pake, Akazi a Esperanza Iris adagula malowa. Nyumbayo idawonongedweratu ndipo Esperanza Iris Theatre yatsopano idamangidwa kuyambira pansi. Mwala woyamba udayikidwa pa Meyi 15, 1917 ndipo ntchitoyi idawongoleredwa ndi akatswiri a zomangamanga Federico Mariscal ndi Ignacio Capetillo Servín.
Pakadali pano, Doña Esperanza adapitiliza ndi maulendo ake akunja. Adakwatirana ali ndi zaka 15 ndi director of the Teatro Principal, a Cuba Miguel Gutiérrez, pomwe anali kugwira ntchito ndi kampani ya alongo a Moriones. Atabwerera kuchokera kuulendo wake woyamba ku Spain, adagula Ideal Theatre, adakhala wamasiye ndipo adakwatiranso ndi baritone Juan Palmer.
Chifukwa cha kusayendetsa bwino kwake, Esperanza Iris adataya Malingaliro, ndikuwonetsa zizindikilo zosasunthika, adayamba kumanga bwalo lamasewera lomwe lingalowe m'malo mwa Xicoténcatl. Nyumbayi idapangidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwamatekinoloje kwakanthawi ndipo idakonzedwa mwanjira yoti, pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chamasiku apitawo, mipando ya lunetarium idachotsedwa ndipo malowo adasandulika kanyumba ka Las Mil y Una Nights.
Democrat, yemwe adadzitcha "Nyuzipepala yaulere yam'mawa", akunena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Theatre komwe kunachitika pa Meyi 25, 1918: "Pulogalamuyi yoyamba ya Esperanza Iris Theatre idapanga kuyerekezera kwa loto la wojambula waku Mexico yemwe osati kokha kwawo, koma kumayiko akutali, wakwanitsa kuthana ndi maluwa atsopano opambana chifukwa cha korona wake wokongola komanso wokongola ... Patadutsa mphindi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu tidayimirira pampando wathu, kumvera zolemba zankhondo ngati National Anthem, yomwe idaperekedwa pakubwera kwa A Purezidenti wa Republic, a Don Venustiano Carranza ... Atatopa, a Esperanza Iris wodutsa adadutsa mkatikati mwa chipindacho ndipo, atayamba, adatsegula mapiko akuluakulu otchinga omwe, pakati pa phwando lalikulu logwirizana, adapeza gululo Ogwira ntchito, omwe, omwe akuyimiridwa ndi mainjiniya a Federico Mariscal, adapereka ulemu wawo kwa divette wa kwawo ... Wowoneka wosunthika, Esperanza Iris adalitsa Di Inu chifukwa chokwaniritsa chikhumbo chake chabwino, kutchula mawu achikondi kwa anthu aku Mexico ndikuwonetsa kuthokoza kwawo kwa purezidenti chifukwa cha mphatso zawo komanso ulemu wakupezeka ...
Pafupifupi ndi misozi yomwe idadzaza m'maso mwake, wojambulayo wofatsa adamaliza ndikumukumbatira mwachikondi mnzake yemwe amamenya nawo zaluso, a Josefina Peral, ndikukwezedwa mwachikondi kwa omwe amuthandizana nawo Juan Palmer ndi maestro Mario Sánchez ... andale komanso azikhalidwe omwe adachita nawo mwambo wotsegulira coliseum yokongola ... Titseka mtolankhaniyu ndikuthokoza kwathu kopambana chifukwa cha kupambana kwake ...
Kuyambira pano, mkangano wabwino udabuka pakati pa tchalitchi chachikulu cha operetta "(Iris) ndi" tchalitchi chachikulu cha ma tandas "(Magazini a Principal). Pa gawo limodzi, Iris, Palmer, Zuffoli komanso Pertini, Titta Schippa, Hipólito Lázaro ndi Enrico Caruso; mwa ena, María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Celia Montalván, Cuatezón Beristáin, Polo Ortín ndi "Panzón" Roberto Soto.
Ndipo zomwe munganene za nyimbo ndi nyimbo zomwe omvera adasumphira pamalo pena paliponse: Fru-frú del travarán, Divine Nymph, a Duo a maambulera, ine ndine bakha ndipo inu ndi mwendo; Wodala iye amene nyumba yake ikuyandama ndi ena, patsogolo pa: Wotsogolera wanga wokondedwa, Ana, Mphaka woyera, El morrongo. Komabe, nthawi ingapangitse kuti nyenyezi zotsutsana ndikukumana kangapo, monga zidachitika nthawi ya Novembala 1937, ku Abreu Theatre, komwe, mwa ena, Night of Glory idawonetsedwa.
Iris Theatre idapitilira. Pakati pa 1918 ndi 1940, ojambula ochepa adadutsa pagawo lawo, woyamba woyamba. Titha kunena kuti gawo ili la mbiri limaphatikizapo mphindi ziwiri zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zingapatse Mexico zinthu zofunikira kukhala dziko lamakono.
Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero zaku Europe - monga ma opera, ma comedies ndi operettas - ntchito zopanga zotsutsa kapena kukwezedwa kwadziko ku Mexico zidawonetsedwa, kuwunika nthawi zambiri. Awa ndi magazini anyimbo zomwe mtsogolomo zitha kukhala "mitundu" yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pawailesi, kanema wa kanema ndipo, mpaka pano, ngati pulogalamu yamapulogalamu apawailesi yakanema. Chifukwa cha vutoli, otchulidwa pakatikati, mitundu yazikhalidwe ndi momwe zinthu zimapangidwira zimasinthidwa zaka zambiri.
Kuchokera kumbali ina, zarzuela ndi mtundu womwe udabadwira ku aristocracy, koma umatengedwa ndi anthu ndikukhala chiwonetsero cha nyimbo, zovina ndi zoseweretsa zaku Spain. Umu ndi momwe chiwonetsero chomwe chinali ndi nthano zachi Greek monga mutu wake (pakati pa zaka za zana la 18) chingasinthidwe kukhala gawo lachigawo (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19). Ku Buenos Aires, zarzuela idakhala porteño sainete, ku Cuba, m'magazini oimba zachiCreole kapena a buffs a Havana komanso mdziko lathu, ku zarzuela zaku Mexico zomwe pambuyo pake zimatulutsidwa munyimbo zamagulu ndi mitundu.
Zowonadi, zarzuela La verenaena la la Paloma wosayerekezereka akuimira phwando ku Madrid mzaka zimenezo, ndipo ngati malingaliro ayamba kuyenda, sikovuta kunena kuti panthawi yoyamba pa February 17, 1894, sichoncho Zikanakhala zotheka kusiyanitsa komwe omvera anali komanso komwe ochita sewerowo akanakhala ngati malire ake sanaphatikizidwe. Ndipo zidachitikanso ndi zarzuela yaku Mexico komanso ndi magazini yoimba. Ankagwirizana kwambiri ndi akhristu aku Mexico City kotero kuti adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuwongolera mayendedwe azaka zambiri. makumi awiri. Sabata iliyonse yatsopano idayambitsidwa ndi nyimbo zosiyana: kukonda dziko lako, "bataclanesque", monga ziwonetsero za ku Paris - ndimiyendo yonse mlengalenga; -Hey, Celia Montalván wanga! -, "Psicalíptica" - ndimaphunziro abwino kwambiri kusukulu yasekondale komanso kukokana komanso opanda leperada-, kapena nkhani zachikondi zomwe zimafikira pachikondi cha Agustín Lara ndi Guty Cárdenas mu Politeama Theatre yomwe yasowa. Kanema wotchuka uyu m'miyeso yake yonse ndizomwe azipangira kubadwa kwa wailesi yamalonda komanso poyambira kupanga kanema wa dziko.
Kapangidwe kawailesi, zisudzo, makanema komanso makanema apa TV ali ndi ngongole za anthu monga Esperanza Iris, Virginia Fábregas, María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Cuatezón Beristáin, Muro Soto Rangel, Roberto “Panzón” Soto, Mario Esteves, Manolo Noriega , Víctor Torres, Alberto Catalá ndi akatswiri ambiri ochita zisudzo omwe amapita kusukulu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngakhale masiku ano kuli anthu otsogola okonda kuvala zarzuelas ndi ziwonetsero zina za bwaloli, kalembedwe kakale ndikuti amadzipereka kupulumutsa mayina ndi zikhalidwe za umunthu zomwe zasiya chizindikiro chawo m'mbiri ya Nyimbo zaku Mexico komanso zaluso. Zikomo Iran Eory ndikukuthokozani aphunzitsi Enrique Alonso!
Gwero: Mexico mu Nthawi Na. 23. Marichi-Epulo 1998
Antonio Zedillo Castillo
