Tawuni ya Marfil, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku 1556 (zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kutulukiridwa mwangozi kwa minyewa ya San Bernabé), ili pafupifupi 6 km kuchokera ku mzinda wa Guanajuato, yalengezedwa ndi Cultural Heritage of Humanity ndi UNESCO zaka zingapo zapitazo.
Tawuni ya Marfil, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku 1556 (zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kutulukiridwa mwangozi kwa minyewa ya San Bernabé), ili pafupifupi 6 km kuchokera ku mzinda wa Guanajuato, yalengezedwa ndi Cultural Heritage of Humanity ndi UNESCO zaka zingapo zapitazo.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Marfil kunali munthawi yomweyo ndi mzinda wa Guanajuato, ndipo zochitika zachuma, zandale komanso zikhalidwe za anthu onsewa ndizolumikizana kwambiri m'mbiri yawo yonse; mu 1554 misasa kapena mipanda inayi idakhazikitsidwa, imodzi mwa iyo inali Real de Minas de Santiago Marfil; Ena atatuwo anali Santa Ana, Tepetapa ndi Santa Fe, pakadali pano onsewa ndi matauni ozungulira mzinda wa Guanajuato.
Mfundo yoti tawuni ya Marfil ili pafupi kwambiri ndi tawuniyi yatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti kufunika kwakale kwa tsambalo ndi zipilala zake zomangamanga nthawi zina zimanyalanyazidwa, kapena kusalemekezedwa moyenera, zomwe nthawi zina zimawoneka ngati zotero ndi nzika zake. Kuperewera kwakumbukiro kwakale kwa anthu mdera, mwina, ndichofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira kusamalira kapena kunyalanyaza malo amangidwe azomwe anthu angagwiritse ntchito.
Kachisi wa San José ndi Señor Santiago, omwe ali kumunsi, kapena Marfil de "pansipa", ndi chitsanzo cha anthu osayiwalika komanso, koposa zonse, chakuyambiranso za kukumbukira komwe anthu amakhala, gawo loyambira la zochitikazo.
Marfil, mudzi woyambirira, umangokhala m'mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Guanajuato, komwe kuli minda yopezera phindu; anthu ake, koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino, adasuntha pakati pa anthu 10 zikwi. Ntchito yomanga kachisi wa San José ndi Señor Santiago idayamba mu 1641, motsogozedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa a Marcos Ramírez del Prado, bishopu waku Michoacán, olamulira komwe Marfil anali. Kachisiyu ndi imodzi mwazinyumba zakale kwambiri zamtunduwu (ngakhale mumzinda wa Guanajuato), ngakhale idamangidwa mpaka Meyi 1695, malinga ndi a Don Lucio Marmolejo mu Guanajuato Ephemeris yake.
Ndikofunikira kunena kuti Bishop Ramírez del Prado ndi yemweyo yemwe adayamba kumanga tchalitchi chachikulu cha Morelia mu 1660, kutha mpaka zaka zana zotsatira, mu 1744. Komabe, palibenso chidziwitso chazomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku omanga kapena ubishopu wa Michoacán, ngakhale angaganize choncho.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndikumayambiriro kwa pano, Marfil adakumana ndi zovuta komanso zosokoneza: kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo pochiza mchere, kuyambitsa njanji kupita ku mzinda wa Guanajuato (ndikuwonekeratu kwa malo omwe kale anali Marfil), ndi madzi osefukira awiri mu 1902 ndi 1905, adasokoneza moyo wa tawuni iyi komanso anthu ake.
Potengera izi, Kachisi wa Parish wa Marfil adasintha malo ake kukhala gawo lokwera, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa likulu lapitalo. Izi, kuphatikiza kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, zidapangitsa kuti Marfil awoneke ngati "mzinda wamzukwa". Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kuti kachisi wa San José ndi Señor Santiago anasiya kukhala malo achitetezo cha anthu ammudzi. Pochitira umboni mpaka pomwe tawuniyi ndi mzinda wa Guanajuato wokha, malowo ali ndi luso lalikulu, popeza akuwonetsa maluso akumanga ndi zokongoletsa za nthawiyo, komanso kukhala gwero losatha la chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe ndi ya mafomu omwe anthu am'deralo amatenga kuti athandize. Nyumba zina m'boma la Guanajuato sizingafotokozedwe kapena kumvedwa moyenera popanda kupenda chitsanzochi.
Kachisi wa San José ndi Señor Santiago, amatsogoleredwa ndi atrium yomwe imalowetsedwa kudzera pa portal ya neoclassical, yomwe mpanda wake ndi wolimba mtima wokongoletsa wokhala ndi zokongoletsa zazikulu ndi mapangidwe; mbali zonse ziwiri pali woyendetsa ndege komanso theka la kapangidwe ka Ionic. Zothandizira zinayi zimathandizira chikhomo chomwe chimanga chake chimakhala chopondera pakhomo. Mofanana ndi nkhwangwa za theka la theka ndi ma pilasters, zidole zozungulira zidayikidwa pazipinda zapansi, ndipo pakati thupi lokhala ndi mbiri ya concave lidakwezedwa, lokhala ndi mipukutu iwiri ndi beseni.
Kutsogolo kwa malo obatizirako kumakhala ndi thupi limodzi lokhala ndi chozungulira panjira yayikulu yolowera, yokhala ndi ma diamondi ndi mapanelo olembedwa pamipando; Zodzikongoletsera za phytomorphic zomwe zimakwirira ma spandrel zimayambira pamakiyi, ndipo ziphuphu zili mbali zonse ziwiri. Pamtengowu pali pakhosi lotseguka ndipo chikho chachikulu chimayamba pa tympanum, gawo lomwe limakhala lotseka chovalacho ndi pamwamba pake, lotetezedwa ndi denga lalikulu, nkhunda ndi mawonekedwe owala, ngati chithunzi cha Mzimu Woyera.
Pakadali pano, chikuto choyambirira chili pakhomo la bwalo la School of Industrial Relations, kulowera ku patio ya Law School, mabungwe onse omwe ali pakatikati pa University of Guauajuato; Khomo lalikulu lomwe kachisiyo ali nalo siloyambirira, popeza chisinthiko chitasindikizidwa, choyambirira chidayikidwa m'ma 1950.
Kulowera kumwera chakumadzulo, chivundikiro china chofunikira kwambiri chikuwonekera, chomwe chidasungidwa ndikuyika ku University of Guanajuato mzaka za 1940. Panthawiyo, kuchotsedwa kwa zovundikirako kunalungamitsidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kusamalira ndi kuchira, popeza kachisi anali atasiyidwa kwathunthu, popeza anthu ammudzimo ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo sankagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse, kupatula kangapo. Chifukwa chake, kupita kwa nthawi komanso zochita za omwe akuchita nyengo, kuphatikiza pazowononga zina, zidapangitsa kuti katundu awonongeke.
Chomera cha kachisiyo ndi chamtanda wachilatini, chotalikirana kwambiri, wokhala ndi ma tchalitchi awiri omwe adalumikizidwa mtsogolo: chaching'ono, ndi kachingwe kolumikizidwa ndi chimodzi mwazida zamtanda ndi chimzake, ndi malo omwe ali ndi kutalika kofanana ndi nave. , kuyambira pa facade mpaka transept.
Seti iyi ikuphatikizidwa ndi zowonjezera zina zomwe zimathandizira kuyang'anira likulu la parishi. Kumpoto chakumpoto chakum'mawa kuli mabotolo angapo, omwe mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake, komanso kuwonda kwawo, kukongola kwawo kwa sui generis ndi mawonekedwe awo obiriwira amawapangitsa kukhala apadera m'derali ndipo, mwina, kupitirira apo. Pakati pa zaka khumi zapitazi, ophunzira atatu a Master of Restoration of Sites and Monuments, omwe adaphunzitsidwa ku Faculty of Architecture ku University of Guanajuato, adayambitsa ntchito yothandizira. Izi zimaphatikizapo kupanga kachisiyo malo amisonkhano, monga momwe amachokera. Chovuta chachikulu chomwe tidakumana nacho chinali kukumbukira komwe kunalibe, kapena kochepetsetsa, m'mbiri ya anthu ammudzi.
Chifukwa chake, zoyambirira kuchita (kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi), zisanachitike akatswiriwa, zimangokambirana pafupipafupi ndi anthu ammudzi. Chida chofunikira chinali kutenga nawo gawo kwa omwe amayang'anira kachisi, omwe akhala olumikizana ndikulimbikitsa kuzindikira kwa anthu kuti abwezeretse cholowa chofunikira cha makolo athu.
Momwemonso, kuthandizidwa ndi anthu osiyanasiyana mderalo kunali kofunika kuti ntchitoyi ipitirire. Koma chofunikira kwambiri ndikutenga nawo gawo kwa ana, achinyamata, okalamba, azimayi ndi abambo ochokera ku Marfil ndi madera oyandikana nawo omwe amadalira parishiyo, omwe ndi ntchito yawo athandiza kukonzanso kachisi wa San José ndi Señor Santiago ndi zowonjezera zake, chifukwa chake, chifukwa chake, kupulumutsidwa kwa chikumbukiro chofala cha chipilalachi.
Pakugwira ntchito, zotsalira zoyambirira za atrium ndi pansi pa kasupe yemwe amayang'anira malo omwe anali patsogolo pa kachisi adapezeka, komanso malire a malowo. Kumbali inayi, madera onse adakonzedwa (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukoka matani mazana a silt); ming'alu yomwe ilipo m'makoma, nyumba zosanja ndi zinthu zina zasindikizidwa ndikuphatikizidwa, monga nsanja yayikulu yomwe idawopseza kugwa ndi panafunika ntchito yapadera yokonzanso zinthu.
Tsopano ndizotheka kusilira, mwachitsanzo, zipilala zapadera zamachitidwe awo ndi chithandizo.
Zojambula pamiyendo pano zikuwala muulemerero wake wonse, chifukwa cha ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya akatswiri am'deralo. Momwemonso, kumangidwanso kwa zipata zam'mbali (kope lokhulupirika lomwe likadali ku University of Guanajuato), kuphatikiza kwa mafano omwe anali m'malo ena ammudzi momwemo, chitsime patsogolo ndi mbali imodzi yopezeka Ntchito yayikulu, komanso zochulukirapo zochepa, ndi umboni wa ntchito zodabwitsa zomwe amisiri amderali amachita, zomwe pamodzi zimatilola kuti tikambirane zakunyumbaku.
Lero malowa ali ndi ntchito yofunikira kwa anthu ammudzi: monga chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, malo ochezera komanso ngati zochitika zina za International Cervantino Festival.
Kupulumutsidwa kwa kachisi wa San José y Señor de Santiago de Marfil, ku Guanajuato, ndi chitsanzo cha momwe anthu am'deralo amadziwa mbiri yakale, atha kuyambiranso ndi mphamvu zawo chuma cha chikhalidwe chawo komanso, chifukwa chake dzikolo .
Source: Mexico mu Time No. 8 Ogasiti-Seputembara 1995
