Kuyambira pachiyambi, munthu adawona kufunika kopanganso malingaliro ake adziko lapansi; Pachifukwa ichi adayimira chilengedwe chake pamakoma akulu amiyala m'mapanga kapena panja, ndikudziwonetsera yekha pamiyala yosavuta
Zisonyezero zaluso izi, zojambula m'mapanga ndi mafano amiyala, kuphatikiza pakupanga miyambo yoyambirira, ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zodziwitsa magulu omwe sitinalembedwepo.
Ku Mesoamerica, zopezeka zopanda pake za anthropomorphic zapezeka zomwe zidapangidwa ndi dongo munthawi Yopanga (2 300 BC-100 AD), makamaka pakatikati pa Mexico. Nthawi imeneyi imaphatikizapo kulandirana kwakutali komwe akatswiri agawika M'munsi, Pakati ndi Pamwambapa, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zomwe zimawonekera. Ngakhale zidutswa za amuna ndi akazi zapezeka, ambiri aiwo amawonetsa chisomo ndi kukoma kwa thupi lachikazi; Chifukwa chakuti amapezeka m'minda yolimidwa, akatswiri amawagwirizanitsa ndi chonde m'deralo.
Mpaka pano, chidutswa chakale kwambiri chomwe chili ku Mesoamerica (2300 BC), chomwe chidapezedwa pachilumba cha Tlapacoya, Zohapilco, pa Nyanja ya Chalco, ndichachikazi, chokhala ndi shaft yama cylindrical komanso m'mimba pang'ono; Popeza silimapereka chovala chilichonse kapena kudzikongoletsa, zimawunikira mikhalidwe yawo yakugonana.
Zithunzi zazing'ono zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe aumunthu zomwe zapezeka zaikidwa m'magulu kuti aziphunzira motere: mwa njira yawo yopangira, mtundu wawo wokongoletsa, phala lomwe adapangidwa, mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi mawonekedwe amthupi, deta zomwe ndizofunikira kuti mufufuze moyerekeza nthawi ndi ubale wake ndi zikhalidwe zina zofananira.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zifanizozi, ngakhale zili mbali yazofanizira, zimawonetsa mawonekedwe apadera kwambiri kuti zitha kuwonedwa ngati zojambula zenizeni. Mwa "akazi okongola" awa, monga amadziwika, mkazi wodzifunira wokhala ndi chiuno chaching'ono, chiuno chachikulu, miyendo yolimba ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri amaonekera, onsewa ndimakhalidwe awo okongola. Zidutswa zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamaliseche; ena amavala mabelu kapena mabuluku amathanso kupanga nthanga, koma nthawi zonse mtembo umawonekera. Pankhani yakukongoletsa tsitsi, mitundu yambiri imawonedwa: imatha kuphatikizira mauta, nduwira komanso nduwira.
M'zifaniziro zadongo, sizingayamikiridwe ngati anthu adadzilemba okha kapena kuchita zipsera; komabe, palibe kukayika kuti kujambula nkhope ndi thupi kunali kosagwirizana ndi kudzikongoletsa kwake. Nkhope yake ndi thupi lake zidakongoletsedwa ndi zingwe ndi mizere yoyera, yachikaso, yofiira ndi yakuda. Amayiwo adazijambula ntchafu zawo ndimapangidwe azithunzi, mabwalo ozungulira, ndi malo ozungulira; Amakhalanso ndi chizolowezi chojambula mbali yonse ya thupi, ndikusiya inayo yopanda mawonekedwe, ngati mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira. Matupi awa paphwando amawonetsa mayendedwe omwe amawonetsedwa mwaulere mwa ovina, omwe amayimira chisomo, kukongola ndi kukoma kwa akazi.
Mosakayikira, machitidwewa adalumikizidwa ndi miyambo yakulemekeza zochitika zachilengedwe, momwe nyimbo ndi kuvina zimathandizira, ndipo zinali chiwonetsero cha lingaliro lawo ladziko lapansi.
Ngakhale pamiyeso yaying'ono, zifanizo zamphongo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, pafupifupi nthawi zonse ndi maxtlatl kapena truss ndipo nthawi zina ndi zovala zapamwamba, koma sizimayimilidwa maliseche. Tikudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi winawake popangira zovala zawo, komanso tikudziwa kuti udakongoletsedwa ndi kapangidwe kake kokongola ndi masitampu amitundu yosiyanasiyana; Momwemonso, ndizotheka kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito zikopa za nyama zosiyanasiyana kuti aziphimba. Kukhalapo kwa zidutswazi kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti mudziwe momwe kusintha kwamasinthidwe anthawiyo kumachitikira, popeza amunawa akutenga zofunikira kwambiri pamiyambo yam'magulu; zitsanzo za izi ndi asing'anga, amuna omwe amadziwa zinsinsi zamankhwala azitsamba ndi zamankhwala, omwe mphamvu zawo zidagona pakulowererapo pakati pa munthu ndi mphamvu Zauzimu. Anthuwa amatsogolera miyambo yakumadera ndipo nthawi zina amavala maski okhala ndi zikhumbo za totem kuti apange mantha ndiulamuliro, popeza amatha kuyankhula ndi mzimu womwe amawaimira ndikupeza mphamvu ndi umunthu wawo kudzera pa chigoba.
Zifanizo zokhala ndi nkhope zophimba nkhope zomwe zapezeka ndizokongola kwambiri, ndipo chitsanzo chosangalatsa ndi chomwe chimavala chigoba cha opossum, nyama yomwe ili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lachipembedzo. Kuyimilira kwa olanda milandu ndizofala; ikuwonetseratu chithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha acrobat chopangidwa ndi kaolin, dongo loyera kwambiri, lomwe lili ku Tlatilco m'manda omwe mwina ndi a shaman. Ena mwa anthu omwe akuyenera kuwazindikira ndi oyimba, omwe amadziwika ndi zida zawo: ng'oma, phokoso, mluzu ndi zitoliro, komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matupi opunduka ndi nkhope. Kuphatikizika, mutu womwe umakhalapo panthawiyi, womwe chiyambi chake chimakhala pamalingaliro a moyo ndi imfa kapena malingaliro azakugonana, amadziwonetsera m'mafanizo okhala ndi mitu iwiri kapena nkhope yokhala ndi maso atatu. Osewera mpira amadziwika ndi m'chiuno, nkhope, komanso oteteza m'manja, komanso chifukwa amakhala ndi kachingwe kakang'ono ka dongo. Kukongoletsa thupi kumafikira pachimake pamapangidwe achinyengo - chizindikiro osati cha kukongola kokha koma cha udindo - komanso kudulidwa mano. Kusintha kwamiyala kunachokera koyambirira kwa ceramic. ndipo chidachitika pakati pa anthu onse amderalo. Kuyambira milungu yoyambirira yakubadwa, mafupa atakhala owumbika, mwanayo amayikidwa mgawo lenileni la zidutswa zamutu zomwe zimatsindikiza chigaza chake, ndi cholinga chomupatsa mawonekedwe ena atsopano. Mwanayo adakhalabe choncho kwa zaka zingapo mpaka kuchuluka kwakukonzekera kumapezeka.
Adafunsidwa kuti mawonekedwe amisala amawonetsedwa m'mafanizo, chifukwa zidutswazo zidapangidwa ndi dzanja; Komabe, chikhalidwechi chikuwonekera kuchokera kuumboni wa mafupa ambiri omwe adapezeka pazofukula, pomwe kusinthaku kumayamikiridwa. Chidziwitso china chofunikira mu zidutswazi ndizovala m'makutu, mphete zam'mphuno, mikanda, zikopa ndi zibangili ngati gawo la zokongoletsa zawo. Izi zikhalidwe zaku Mesoamerica zimathanso kuchitika m'manda, popeza zinthu izi zimayikidwa pa akufa.
Kupyolera mu mafanowa zakhala zotheka kuphunzira zambiri za maubale pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe china, mwachitsanzo, kukopa kwa dziko la Olmec pazikhalidwe zonse zaku Mesoamerica, makamaka kudzera pakusinthana kwachikhalidwe, komwe kumakula mu Middle Formative (1200-600 BC).
Ndikusintha kwa mayanjano kukhala gulu lokhazikika kwambiri - komwe luso la ntchito limawonjezeka ndikutuluka kwa ansembe - ndikukhazikitsa malo achitetezo ngati malo osinthana malingaliro ndi zinthu, tanthauzo la mafano lidasinthidwanso. ndi kupanga kwake. Izi zidachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yopanga zinthu (600 BC-AD 100), ndipo zidawonetseredwa pakupanga komanso mwaluso la ziboliboli zazing'ono, zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi zidutswa zolimba zopanda mawonekedwe am'mbuyomu. .
