Asanapangidwe kujambula, anthu omwe akufuna kusunga chithunzi cha mawonekedwe awo ndi mawonekedwe awo ayenera kutembenukira kwa ojambula, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kupanga zojambulazo.
Kwa makasitomala omwe amatha kukwanitsa. Komabe, si makasitomala onse omwe angakhale ndi zida zokwanira kuti azitha kusunga ndikuwonetsanso zojambulazo, ngakhale zaka zoyambirira za kujambula, zithunzi za daguerreotypes zinali zosatheka kwa anthu ambiri, mpaka luso lazithunzi kujambula M'zaka za zana la 19 zidakwanitsa kupeza cholakwika pa mbale yagalasi. Njirayi, yomwe imadziwika ndi dzina loti collodion yonyowa, ndi njira yomwe idakwaniritsidwa cha m'ma 1851 ndi Frederick Scott Archer, kudzera momwe zithunzi za albumen zimatha kupangidwanso mwachangu komanso mopanda malire papepala lamatope a sepia. Izi zidapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu pamitengo yazithunzi.
The collodion yonyowa, ya chidwi chachikulu, amaloledwa kuchepetsa nthawi yowonekera; Ili ndi dzina chifukwa cha kuwonekera komwe kumachitika ndi emulsion yonyowa; Albumin inali yopukutira pepala lopyapyala ndi kaphatikizidwe ka dzira loyera ndi sodium chloride, itawuma, anawonjezera yankho la siliva nitrate, lomwe limaloledwanso kuuma, ngakhale mumdima, limayikidwa pomwepo. pamwamba pa mbale yonyowa ya collodion kenako ndikuwunikiridwa ndi masana; Kuti akonze chithunzicho, njira ya sodium thiosulfate ndi madzi idawonjezedwa, yomwe idatsukidwa ndikuuma. Ndondomekoyi ikamalizidwa, albin adabatizidwa mu njira ya golide ya chloride kuti apeze malankhulidwe omwe akufuna ndikukonza chithunzicho pamtunda kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo komwe maluso ojambulawa adabweretsa, ku France, wojambula zithunzi André Adolphe Disderi (1819-1890), wokhala ndi setifiketi mu 1854 njira yopangira zithunzi 10 kuchokera pa cholakwika chimodzi, izi zidapangitsa kuti mtengo wosindikiza uliwonse ukhale kuchepetsedwa ndi 90%. Ntchitoyi inali yosintha makamera m'njira yoti amatha kujambula zithunzi 8 mpaka 9 pa mbale 21 cm masentimita kutalika ndi 16.5 cm. kupeza zithunzi za kutalika kwa 7 cm kutalika ndi 5 cm mulifupi. Pambuyo pake, zithunzizo zidalumikizidwa pamakatoni olimba a 10 cm ndi masentimita 6. Zotsatira za njirayi adadziwika kuti "Makhadi Ochezera", dzina lochokera ku French, carte de visite, kapena business card, nkhani zodziwika bwino, ku America ndi ku Europe. Panalinso mtundu wokulirapo, wotchedwa Boudoir Card, womwe kukula kwake kunali masentimita 15 kutalika ndi 10 cm mulifupi; komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake sikunali kotchuka.
Monga malonda, Disderi adapanga, mu Meyi 1859, chithunzi cha Napoleon III, chomwe adalemba ngati kirediti kadi ndipo adalandiridwa bwino, popeza adagulitsa masauzande amakope m'masiku ochepa. Posakhalitsa adatsatiridwa ndi wojambula waku England a John Jabex Edwin Mayall omwe, mu 1860, adatha kujambula Mfumukazi Victoria ndi Prince Albert ku Buckingham Palace. Kupambana kumeneku kunali kofanana ndi kuja kwa mnzake waku France, popeza amatha kugulitsa ma Business Card ambiri. Chaka chotsatira, mwana wamfumuyo atamwalira, zojambulazo zidakhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali. Pamodzi ndi ma Business Card, ma Albamu adapangidwa mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti asunge zithunzi. Nyimbozi zimawerengedwa kuti ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pabanja, kuphatikiza zithunzi za abale ndi abwenzi komanso anthu odziwika komanso mamembala achifumu. Anayikidwa m'malo abwino kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino mnyumbamo.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma Business Card kunatchulidwanso ku Mexico; komabe, panali patapita nthawi pang'ono, chakumapeto kwa zaka za 19th ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za 20th. Zithunzi izi zidafunikira kwambiri m'magulu onse amtundu wa anthu, kuti aphimbe, ma studio ambiri ojambula adayikidwiratu m'mizinda yofunika kwambiri mdzikolo, malo omwe posachedwa adzakhala malo oyenera kuwona, makamaka kwa iwo omwe akufuna kusunga chithunzi chawo. yopangidwanso mu albumin.
Ojambulawo adagwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zomwe angajambule, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zofanana ndi zisudzo kuti adziwe pamaso pa wojambulayo, nyumba zachifumu komanso malo owoneka bwino, pakati pa ena. Anagwiritsanso ntchito zipilala, zipilala ndi zipinda zojambulidwa pulasitala, komanso mipando ya nthawiyo, osaphonya makatani akulu ndi zokongoletsa kwambiri.
Ojambulawo adapatsa makasitomala awo kuchuluka kwama Business Card omwe amafunsira kale. Pepala la albenen, ndiye kuti, chithunzi, chidapachikidwa pamakatoni omwe amaphatikizira zambiri za studio yojambulira ngati chizindikiritso, motero, dzina ndi adilesi yakukhazikikayo ziziyenda limodzi ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa. Mwambiri, wojambulayo adagwiritsa ntchito kumbuyo kwa Business Card kuti alembe mauthenga osiyanasiyana kwa omwe awalandira, chifukwa amatumizira, makamaka ngati mphatso, kwa abale apafupi kwambiri, kwa abwenzi apamtima ndi abwenzi, kapena abwenzi.
Ma Business Card amayandikira pafupi ndi mafashoni anthawiyo, kudzera mwa iwo tikudziwa zovala za abambo, amayi ndi ana, momwe adakhalira, mipando, malingaliro akuwonekera pankhope za omwe ajambulidwa, ndi zina zambiri. Ndiumboni wa nthawi yosintha kosiyanasiyana mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo. Ojambula nthawiyo anali osamala kwambiri pantchito yawo, adachita mosamala kwambiri mwaudongo mpaka adapeza zomwe akufuna, makamaka kukwaniritsa kuvomereza komaliza kwa makasitomala awo akawonetsedwa pa Business Card yawo, monga momwe amayembekezera.
Ku Mexico City, situdiyo yofunika kwambiri yojambula zithunzi inali ya abale a Valleto, yomwe ili pa 1. Calle de San Francisco nambala 14, yomwe pano ili ku Avenida Madero, situdiyo yake, yotchedwa Foto Valleto y Cía, inali imodzi mwazinthu zokongola komanso zotchuka nthawi yake. Zokopa zazikulu zidaperekedwa kwa makasitomala m'malo onse omwe adakhazikitsa, omwe amakhala mchinyumba chomwe anali nacho, monga mbiri ya nthawiyo imatsimikizira.
Kampani yojambula zithunzi ya Cruces y Campa, yomwe ili pa Calle del Empedradillo No. 4 ndipo pambuyo pake idasintha dzina lake kukhala Art Articstica Cruces y Campa, ndipo adilesi yake ku Calle de Vergara No. 1, inali malo ena odziwika kwambiri mochedwa za mzaka zapitazi, zidapangidwa ndi gulu la a Messrs. Antíoco Cruces ndi Luis Campa. Zithunzi zake zimadziwika ndi kupsinjika kwa chithunzichi, ndikugogomezera kwambiri nkhope, zomwe zimatheka chifukwa chakusokoneza chilengedwe, kuwonetsa otchulidwa okha. M'makhadi ena abizinesi, ojambulawo adayika makasitomala awo mikhalidwe yosazolowereka, atazunguliridwa ndi mipando yofunikira kwambiri, kuti athe kupereka ulemu pamalingaliro ndi zovala za munthuyo.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Montes de Oca y Compañía kunalinso kotchuka kwambiri ku Mexico City, inali pamsewu wa 4. ya Plateros No. 6, adapezeka nawo omwe akufuna kukhala ndi chithunzi chokwanira, chokongoletsera, pafupifupi nthawi zonse chimapangidwa ndi makatani akulu mbali imodzi komanso osalowerera ndale. Ngati kasitomala amasankha, amatha kuyima kutsogolo kwa malo ozungulira mzinda kapena dziko. M'zithunzi izi, kukopa kwachikondi kumaonekera.
Situdiyo zofunikira kwambiri zinayikidwanso m'mizinda yayikulu, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri ndi ya Octaviano de la Mora, yomwe ili ku Portal de Matamoros No. 9, ku Guadalajara. Wojambula zithunziyu adagwiritsanso ntchito malo osiyanasiyana monga zochokera, ngakhale atakhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe zithunzi zake ziyenera kugwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe makasitomala ake amakonda. Kuti izi zitheke, inali ndi mipando yayikulu, zida zoimbira, mawotchi, zomera, ziboliboli, makonde, ndi zina zotero. Mtundu wake udadziwika ndi kulimba mtima komwe adakwaniritsa pakati pa mawonekedwe ndi thupi lotakasuka la otchulidwa. Zithunzi zake zidapangidwa ndi neoclassicism, pomwe zipilalazi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazokongoletsa zake.
Sitingalephere kutchula ojambula ojambula ena odziwika bwino monga Pedro González, ku San Luis Potosí; ku Puebla, situdiyo za Joaquín Martínez ku Estanco de Hombres nambala 15, kapena Lorenzo Becerril pa Calle Mesones No. Makhadi abizinesi omwe masiku ano ndi zinthu zosonkhanitsa ndipo amatibweretsa ife pafupi ndi nthawi m'mbiri yathu yomwe yasowa tsopano.
