Kuphatikiza pa miyambo ndi chikhalidwe chawo chambiri, Mexico imadziwika chifukwa chokhala ndi zitukuko zingapo zapamwamba kwambiri zaku Mesoamerica m'mbiri.
Kaya ndi ma Mayan, Aaztec, ma Olmec kapena ena onse, amadziwika kuti adasiya cholowa mu zaluso ndi sayansi, ndipo mbali zonsezi zimatha kuyamikiridwa pakupanga kwawo.
Chifukwa chake, ngati mupita ku Mexico, pali malo ena ofukula zakale omwe simungaphonye kuti mumvetsetse kufunikira kwawo kwakale. Ndi ati? Kenako ndidzatchula maina 26 ofunika kwambiri.
Ili ku Quintana Roo, Tulum ikuyimira msonkhano wazinthu ziwiri zofunika kutukuka kwa Mayan; malonda ndi chipembedzo.
Izi, chifukwa nyumba zake zinali gawo lakale lazamalonda kwa nzika zake, komanso akachisi angapo olambirira Mulungu Kukulkan.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa nyumba zake zamiyala pali malo owonera, pomwe ma Mayan amaphunzira magulu a nyenyezi komanso kayendedwe ka mapulaneti.
Monga ngati sizinali zokwanira, kutalika kwa malo ofukula mabwinjawa kumabweretsa madera okongola kwambiri a Caribbean, osakwana ola limodzi kuchokera ku Playa del Carmen, chifukwa chake malingaliro ochokera ku Tulum ndichidziwitso chomwe muyenera kukhaladi ndi moyo.
Chichen Itza
Ili m'chigawo cha Yucatan, ndi amodzi mwamalo odziwika bwino ofukula zamabwinja ku Mexico chifukwa chophimba mzinda wonse komanso kusamalira zipilala zake.
Pakati pa mabwinja ake pamatuluka piramidi yotchuka yotchedwa El Castillo, pomwe poyambira 9 Mayans amati akuwona kutsika kwa Njoka Mulungu.
Imadziwikanso ndi gawo lake labwino kwambiri la Masewera a Mpira Wamkulu, wokhala ndi ziboda zamiyala pamakoma a khoma, ndi zipilala zake zamiyala zopereka ulemu kwa ankhondo omwe agwa.
Kapangidwe kake kodabwitsa komanso kufunikira kwake kwakale kwapangitsa Chichen Itzá kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zodabwitsa zamasiku ano.
Cobá
Chimodzi mwazinthu zingapo zakale zokumbidwa pansi zomwe zapezeka ku Quintana Roo, pafupifupi 90 km kuchokera mumzinda wokongola wa Chichen Itzá ndi 40 km kuchokera ku Tulum, Cobá amatilola kulingalira mozama kwambiri malingaliro akale a Mayan.
Chokopa chake chachikulu chimakhala pakukwera kwake kwachilengedwe komwe Pyramid ya Nohoch Mul idamangidwa, yomwe imakhudza ma mita okwana 2,400.
Kuphatikiza pa kulingalira za zipilala zake, ku Coba pakadali pano pali zokambirana zaluso ndi zadothi zomwe zimatsegulidwa kwa anthu onse, izi ndizosangalatsa kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuchita nawo miyambo yakale yaku Mayan.
Zosasangalatsa
Mzinda wokhala ndi matabwa wokwera kumwamba ungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yofotokozera zotsalira za Uxmal m'matauni a Santa Elena, ku Yucatán.
Ambiri akachisi ake ndi nyumba zake zachifumu zili bwino, ndikupanga mwayi wapadera wowerengera ntchito za Mayan.
Zokopa zake zofunika kwambiri ndi ma hydraulic system ogwiritsira ntchito ndikusunga madzi akumwa, omwe akugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano, ndi Pyramid yotchuka ya Wamatsenga, yemwe kachisi wake pamwamba amasunga zinsinsi zamitundu yonse.
Dzibanché
Imadziwika kuti ndi umodzi mwamizinda yofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha Mayan yomwe mungapeze kumwera kwa Quintana Roo.
Akatswiri ambiri amaganiza kuti malowa adayamba ngati mudzi wawung'ono waulimi, koma popita nthawi kumangidwa miyala yambiri mpaka udakhala mzinda womwe mungapeze lero.
Ulendo wamakachisi ndi akachisi a Dzibanché ndiulendo womwe simudzanong'oneza bondo ngati mukufuna zipilala zofunikira zakale.
Komanso werengani owongolera athu pazinthu 15 zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikuwona ku Tulum
Palenque
Chifukwa cha ziboliboli ndi nyumba zake zokongola, zomwe zili m'boma la Chiapas, Palenque amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazikhalidwe zachikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pakhoma la zipilala monga Great Palace, Temple of the Inscriptions komanso la Foliated Light, mutha kupeza nkhani zomwe zimafotokoza kulengedwa kwa munthu ndi chilengedwe chonse malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha Mayan.
Mwachitsanzo, m'manda a Pakal II, pali zifanizo momwe zombo zam'mlengalenga ndi masuti achikale amazindikirira, zomwe ndizodabwitsa chifukwa cha mabwinja ake.
Zamgululi
Ngati mukufufuza ntchito zabwino kwambiri zikhalidwe zaku Mesoamerican, kuyendera Tajín ku Veracruz kumakhala udindo.
Pazithunzi zake zonse, zomanga zake zokongola ndi zojambula zake zosiyanasiyana zojambula ndi zokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, Tajín imakhala malo ofukula zamabwinja oyenera kuwerengedwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, pokhala anthu zaka zoposa 900, mudzatha kuwona kusintha kwa ntchito zake pakapita nthawi.
Teotihuacan
Chimodzi mwazizindikiro za cholowa cha ku Mexico, chomwe chili ku Greater State of Mexico, chofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha Amaya kotero kuti tanthauzo lake mu Nahuatl limatanthauza "Mzinda wa Amulungu."
Kukulitsa kwake kumakhudza pafupifupi 300 ma kilomita, pomwe mungapeze zipilala zofunika monga Citadel ndi Temple of the Feather Serpent, komanso mapiramidi a Dzuwa ndi Mwezi.
Kuyendera ndi kuphunzira mokwanira ntchito za Teotihuacán ndi ntchito yatsiku lonse, onetsetsani kuti mutenge nthawi yokwanira kuti ulendo wanu ukhale wathunthu momwe mungathere.
Paquimé
Pamalo ochepa ofukula zakale omwe mungapeze kumpoto kwa Mexico, Paquimé ndi njira yabwino ngati mungayendere Chihuahua, yomwe imadziwika kuti World Heritage Site ndi Unesco.
Zomangamanga zawo ndi nthaka ndi adobe ndizodabwitsa poganizira nyengo youma yomwe amayenera kusintha kuti apulumuke, momwe mungapeze nyumba, ma labyrinths komanso zomangamanga zapadera za macaws ndi akamba.
Amakhulupirira kuti malo omwe adakonzedweratu adakonzedweratu, chifukwa cha kuwunika kwa mithunzi ndi mithunzi yomwe imayamba kukhazikika kwake dzuwa litalowa.
Yaxchilan
Ili mu mzinda wa Chiapas, Yaxchilán mosakayikira ndi mzinda wobisika kuchokera ku chitukuko china chilichonse, mpaka kukafika pokhapokha bwato likudutsa Mtsinje wa Usumacinta.
Kufunika kwake kwamabwinja sikunagone kwambiri pamapangidwe ake, koma m'chuma chazikhalidwe zomwe zolemba pamaguwa ake, pamakoma ndi nyumba zina zogwirira ntchito.
Kuchokera pamalo okwera kwambiri a nyumba zake, mutha kulingalira za kukongola kwa mtsinje wa Usumacinta, nkhalango ya Lacandon komanso malo obiriwira ozungulira.
Monte Alban
Makilomita ochepa kuchokera mumzinda wa Oaxaca, ku Montealbán mungapeze mabwinja a mzinda wakale wazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, womwe umakhala ndi Azapoteki komanso Amixtec.
Kukulitsa kwake ndikotakata, chifukwa kudutsa zipilala zake zazikulu mupeza magawo a Big Ball Game, nsanja zamiyambo ndi nyumba zina zamiyala.
Kuphatikiza pa nyumba zake zochititsa chidwi, Montealbán ili pamwamba pa phiri lina la Oaxaca, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe ake ndiosangalatsa.
Cholula
Ili mumzinda wa Puebla, Cholula ali ndi nkhani yofanizira momwe anthu aku Spain omwe adafika mderali adawonongera akachisi akulu a Toltec kuti amange tchalitchi cha Katolika, chipembedzo chomwe amayenera kutembenukira.
Zotsatira zake, mukapita ku Cholula, mudzatha kupeza mabwinja a chitukuko chake chakale m'munsi mwa phiri, ndipo tchalitchi cha Virgen de los Remedios chili kumapeto kwake.
Udindo wa ma Toltec ku Cholula udawathandiza kwambiri chifukwa chamalonda ndi midzi ina, chifukwa chake munyumba zake mupezapo mabwalo akulu ndi zipilala zazikulu zomwe simungathe kuzipeza m'malo ena ofukula zamabwinja.
Comalcalco
Ili mumzinda wa Tabasco, Comalcalco mwina ndi umodzi mwamizinda yakale yaku Mayan yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yakumadzulo ku Mexico konse, mpaka nyumba zokhala ndi mafuko ochokera kumadera ena adziko lapansi.
Nyumba zake zopangidwa ndi miyala zinali ndi malonda ambiri, pokhala umodzi mwamizinda yomwe ili ndi chuma chambiri chisanachitike Columbian.
Mukadutsa m'mabwinja ake, mutha kupeza zipilala monga North Plaza, Tomb of the Nine Lords ndi nyumba zina zosungidwa bwino, komanso malo obiriwira obiriwira kuti mukhale masana ena.
Calakmul
Chitukuko chobisika pakati pa mitengo yayikulu m'nkhalango, m'chigawo cha Campeche, omwe kuchezera kwawo kumapereka paradaiso wa zinyama ndi zinyama komanso zomangamanga zazikulu.
Nyumba zake zikuwoneka kuti zikukwera kumwamba, zokhala ndi masitepe akulu opita kumabwalo amakedzana akale, pamwamba pake, kupita kunyumba yachifumu yokongola yamiyala.
Imakhala ndimiyala yakale komanso zojambula zojambulajambula zomwe zimafotokoza za moyo womwe umachitika pantchitoyi, koma akukonzekera kuti awonetsedwe pagulu.
Ndipo ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, alendo amalimbikitsidwa kudikirira mpaka kulowa kwa dzuwa asananyamuke, popeza kulowa kwa dzuwa ku Calakmul ndi chifunga chomwe chimaphimba usiku ndizowonetseratu zachilengedwe.
Bonampak
Ngati mumakonda kwambiri kujambula kuposa zomangamanga, mosakayikira kupita ku Bonampak kudzakwaniritsa zomwe mukuyembekezera.
M'mabwinja ake akale ndi zojambula zofunikira kwambiri pazithunzi za chikhalidwe cha Mayan, zomwe zakhala zikuphunzitsidwa mosiyanasiyana kuti mudziwe omwe adafotokozedwako.
Chithunzithunzi chake choyimira kwambiri chili ndi kutalika kwa 112 mita, pomwe pakati pazithunzi zina zamiyambo ndi miyambo, chimatenga nkhani yankhondo yayikulu ndi zikhalidwe zosadziwika mpaka pano.
Werengani chitsogozo chathu chotsimikiza pa: Tulum, Quintana Roo
Ek Balám
Okhala ku Yucatán, olemba mbiri amakambirana ngati dzinalo limatanthauza "Estrella Jaguar" kapena "Black Jaguar", ndipo izi zikutanthauza chithunzi chomwe chimawoneka pakhomo la nyumba yake yachifumu, momwe zikuwonekera kuti mumalowa nsagwada za nswala.
M'mabwinja ake mudzapeza ntchito zingapo zochititsa chidwi zopangidwa ndi a Mayan mu stucco, zokhala ndi ma hieroglyph omwe amachokera ku nyama zanthano mpaka kwa angelo.
Ek Balam anali nthawi ina m'mbiri linga yomwe idateteza ma Mayan, wokhala ndi khoma lachiwiri lomwe limayima kunja kwa mzindawo m'malo am'makadinala onse.
Pakati pa malo ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ofukula mabwinja omwe mudzawaone ku Mexico, mosakayikira awa ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba.
Chacchoben
Ili ku Quintana Roo, mwina ndi amodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri ofukula mabwinja ku Mexico konse, ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti anali ndi anthu nthawi yayitali Khristu asanabadwe.
Ili ndi nyumba zofananira zamayaya, zokhala ndi akachisi okwera komanso mabwalo omwe akukwera pamwamba pake.
Kuphatikiza apo, malo ozungulira Chacchoben amakhala ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zomwe, nthawi zina, zimacheza ndi alendo, ndikupangitsa ulendowu kukhala wosangalatsa kwambiri.
Cacaxtla
Ili m'chigawo cha Tlaxcala, ndi umodzi mwamizinda yofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe chaku Mesoamerican, komwe amakhala a Mayan.
Ndi mzinda wokhala ndi linga, wokhala ndi ngalande zapansi pantchito zodzitchinjiriza ndi mabwalo okongoletsa zomwe zikuwonetsa miyambo yamakedzana.
Nyumba yake yayikulu mosakayikira ndi yotchedwa Great Basamento, yomwe ili ndi nyumba zamiyambo zingapo komanso nyumba zosiyanasiyana, pomwe amakhulupirira kuti amonkewo amakhala.
Mofananamo, pamakoma ake pali zojambula zomwe zimafotokoza za nkhondo zodziwika bwino pakati pa gulu lankhondo la Olmec jaguar ndi gulu lankhondo la mbalame za Huastec, omalizawa ndi omwe amataya nkhondoyi ndipo amawonongedwa ndi anzawo.
Ngakhale kuti kutali ndi mizinda yonse yakale, ulendo wopita ku Cacaxtla ndiwothandiza kuphunzira zambiri za chikhalidwechi.
Cantona
Chifukwa chokhala ku Puebla komanso umboni wachuma chakale, akuti mzindawu udalinso mpikisano wa Teotihuacán zaka zikwi zapitazo.
Amawonedwa ngati malo apakati pakati pa mzinda wamalonda ndi tawuni, motengera chikhalidwe chakumadzulo, chifukwa kuwonjezera pamisonkhano yosiyanasiyana yomwe imakhala, pali misewu yopitilira 500 ndi nyumba 3,000.
Kuphatikiza apo, magawo okwana 24 a Big Ball Game adamangidwa pamenepo, kutsimikizira kufunikira kwa mzinda uno kwa nzika zake.
Makomo ake ngati malo ofukulidwa m'mabwinja adatsegulidwa kwa anthu kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri, ndiye kuti ndiulendo wabwino ngati mukufuna kupeza china chatsopano pazomwe zawonedwa mpaka pano.
Xochicalco
Ili m'chigawo cha Morelos, Xochicalco amadziwika kuti ndi umodzi mwamizinda yofunika kwambiri pakati pa zikhalidwe zonse zaku Mesoamerica, zomwe zimabweretsa nyumba zamitundu yonse m'malo amodzi.
M'menemo mupezamo nyumba zogona komanso zamalonda, mabwalo azipembedzo komanso malo olowera m'malo achitetezo.
Mulinso mapiramidi awiri olembedwa ndi mphamvu yaku Mayan, awa ndi Pyramid Yaikulu ndi Pyramid ya Njoka Zamphongo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi amodzi mwa malo owonera pang'ono pakati pa malo ofukula mabwinja ku Mexico, omwe amapezeka pambuyo pokwera masitepe osemedwa pamiyala.
Kuti mudziwe zonse zakutukuka kwakale ku Mesoamerica pamalo amodzi, kupita ku Xochicalco kumakhala njira yabwino.
Tamtoc
Ku San Luís Potosi ndi imodzi mwanyumba zazikulu zikhalidwe za Huasteca, zokhalamo anthu 16,000.
Tamtoc imatha kuonedwa ngati amodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri ofufuzira za chitukuko cha ku Mesoamerica, okhala ndi umboni wochokera ku hydraulic engineering ndi zakuthambo.
Maluso awo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu monga mkuwa, golide, obsidian ndi basalt, kuwonjezera apo, ankakonda kupembedza azimayi ngati namwino wobereka.
Ndi malo ofukula mabwinja omwe amakonda kwambiri olemba mbiri kapena okonda zojambulajambula.
Belu
Ndi amodzi mwamalo ochepera ofukula zakale omwe mungapeze ku Colima, chifukwa chakumagwa kwamvula chaka chonse, koma La Campana ndi amodzi mwanjira zochepa, chifukwa adapulumuka chifukwa chazotsogola zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Dzinalo limachokera pakapangidwe ka phiri pomwe nyumba zake zazikulu zimapezeka, pomwe mungapeze manda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita miyambo ndi zopereka.
Ili ndi mitundu ingapo yama petroglyphs yoyenera kuphunzira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ulendo wanu ukhale wabwino kwa iwo omwe sangathe kufikira madera omwe ali ndi malo ofukulidwa m'mabwinja.
Ironworks
Ndi malo osiyanasiyana azinyumba, zachipembedzo, zamwambo, zandale ndi zina, malo ofukula mabwinjawa omwe ali m'boma la Durango ali ndi zonse kwa akatswiri omanga.
Ilinso ndi ma piramidi okhala ndi malembo ndi mamangidwe ojambula pamiyala, komanso malo owonera kuphunzira zakuthambo.
Ngakhale zotsalira zake sizinasungidwe bwino poyerekeza ndi malo ena odziwika bwino ofukula mabwinja, a Ferrería amapereka ntchito zosiyanasiyana kwa iwo omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi dzikolo.
Mitla
Mzindawu wakale, wokhala ndi Zapotecs, umalandira dzina lomwe mu Nahuatl limatanthauza "Malo a Akufa", omwe amadziwika kuti Montealbán ndi malo achiwiri ofukula mabwinja ku Oaxaca.
Poyang'ana koyamba, zimadabwitsa ndi kukongoletsa kwamakoma ake, omwe zojambula zake zidapangidwa kuchokera ku miyala yamiyala ndipo amadziwika ndizinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka m'mizinda yakale isanachitike ku Spain.
Kuphatikiza pa zojambula zake zamiyala, kugwiritsa ntchito zipilala za monolithic kumawonekeranso pamapangidwe ake komanso zokongoletsera, izi ndizodziwika bwino akachisi ake ambiri.
Tzintzuntzan
Kuphatikiza pa dzina lake, lomwe limakhudzana ndi chifanizo cha hummingbird, ku Tzintzuntzan mupeza zotsalira zochepa zachitukuko cha Taracos ku Mexico.
Ili m'chigawo cha Michoacán, m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Lermas, chifukwa chake kuphatikiza pazofukula zakale mutha kupeza malo apadera mmaonekedwe ake.
Kuphatikiza apo, Tzintzuntzan amadziwika ndi kalembedwe kabwino komanso kanzeru, kamene kamasiyana ndi mizinda ina isanachitike ku Spain yomwe ili ndi chidwi chokongoletsa nyumba zawo ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali kapena utoto.
Tula
Tikuwona kuti ndi mbiri yakale yamalonda ku Hidalgo, ku Tula kugulitsa miyala yamtengo wapatali monga turquoise ndi jade kudakulungidwa, komanso zinthu zina monga nthenga zamtengo wapatali ndi koko.
Chokopa chake chachikulu ndi ma Atlantean akuluakulu omwe amapezeka m'mabwalo, komanso ena ambiri omwe amathandizira Palacio de Quemado, yemwe kukongoletsa kwake ndi mwala wolembedwa ndichinthu chomwe simuyenera kuphonya.
Mukapezeka kuti mukuyendera Mexico City ndikuyang'ana kuti muwone zosiyana ndi zachizolowezi, mwina mabwinja a Tula adzakwaniritsa zokhumba zanu.
Malo aliwonse ofukulidwa m'mabwinja ali ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera, kuyambira pazinthu zazikulu kwambiri mpaka pazosema zapadera zomwe zingakupangitseni kudabwa kuti ndi zida zochepa bwanji zomwe adakwanitsa kupanga ntchito zochititsa chidwi ngati izi.
Chifukwa chake, ngati muli ndi mwayi, ndibwino kuti mupite kumalo ambiri ofukula za m'mabwinja momwe mungathere.
Mukuganiza bwanji za malo opumirirako ndipo ndi ati omwe mungayendere koyamba? Gawani malingaliro anu ndi ena mu ndemanga!
