Funso lingakhale ndi mayankho angapo, chidwi chonse kwa anthu omwe akukonzekera kubwera kudzawona dziko losangalatsali.
Kodi kusiyanasiyana ndi megadiversity ndi chiyani?
Kuti timveke bwino zomwe tikutanthauza ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndikuwonetsa kaye kusiyanasiyana kuti ndi chiyani. Buku lotanthauzira mawu la Royal Spanish Academy limatanthauzira mawu oti "Kusiyanasiyana" kukhala "Zosiyanasiyana, zosiyana, kusiyanasiyana" komanso "Zochuluka, zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana"
Mwanjira imeneyi, polankhula zakusiyana kwa dziko, zitha kutchulidwa mbali iliyonse yazachilengedwe, zantchito, kapena chikhalidwe. Ndipo "zosiyana-siyana" mwachidziwikire zidzakhala kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kapena kwakukulu.
Komabe, lingaliro la kusiyanasiyana limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutanthauza zamoyo, kapena "zachilengedwe" ndipo mosakayikira mundawu Mexico ndi amodzi mwamayiko oyamba padziko lapansi.
Mexico ili m'gulu 5 mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi mitundu yambiri yazomera, nyama, zokwawa ndi amphibiya, yomwe ili pa nambala 11 mu mbalame.
Koma polankhula zakusiyanasiyana ku Mexico, madera ena omwe dzikoli ndi losiyanasiyana komanso lokulirapo sangathe kunyalanyazidwa, monga malo, komwe kuli magombe ataliatali munyanja zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, zilumba nkhalango, mapiri, mapiri ophulika, mapiri okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, zipululu, mitsinje, zigwa ndi zigwa.
Madera ena momwe Mexico ili ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kapena kwakukulu ndi nyengo, mafuko, zilankhulo, zikhalidwe, ziwonetsero za folkloric ndi gastronomy, kutchula zina mwazofunikira kwambiri
Megabiodiversity yaku Mexico
Mexico ili pachisanu padziko lapansi pazomera zam'mimba (zomwe zili ndi mizu, zimayambira ndi masamba), ndi mitundu 23,424 yolembetsedwa, yoposedwa ndi Brazil, Colombia, China ndi Indonesia.
Ndi mitundu 864 ya zokwawa, Mexico ndi yachiwiri pamndandanda wapadziko lonse lapansi, gulu lanyama lomwe lili ndi zamoyo zambiri ku Australia, ndi mitundu 880.
Mwa zinyama, gulu "lopambana" la zamoyo zomwe anthu amalowa, Mexico ili ndi mitundu 564, chithunzi chomwe chimatsogolera dzikolo pamendulo ya bronze yapulaneti, gawo lomwe golide ndi waku Indonesia komanso siliva waku Brazil .
Ku amphibians, dziko la toadledled or Mexican burrowing toad, lili ndi mitundu 376, yomwe ndiyofunika kukhala yachisanu padziko lapansi. Mkalasi iyi, anayi apamwamba pamndandanda ndi Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, ndi Peru.
Izi zazikuluzikulu zimatsimikizika ndi zinthu zambiri, ngakhale zisanachitike. Mexico idakwanitsa kusunga gawo labwino la zinyama ndi zomera zamayiko awiri omwe adalekanitsidwa, North America ndi South America.
Mexico ndi amodzi mwamayiko akutali kwambiri okhala ndi magombe a Atlantic ndi Pacific; enawo awiri ndi Colombia ndi United States.
Gawo labwino la gawo la Mexico lili ku Intertropical Zone, komwe mikhalidwe yake imathandizira kusiyanasiyana.
Zachidziwikire, kukula kwa dzikolo kumathandizanso, ndipo Mexico, yomwe ili ndi ma kilomita pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri, ili m'chigawo cha 14 m'derali.
Mega-biodiversity yapadera kwambiri, yopindulitsa komanso yowopsa
Mu zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ku Mexico pali mitundu yodabwitsa yomwe imalemeretsa zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi ndikupanga zokopa zokopa alendo komanso kuwona chilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza zomera zam'mimba komanso zopanda mitsempha (algae, mosses ndi zina), ku Mexico kuli mitundu 26,495 yofotokozedwa, kuphatikiza ma fern, zitsamba, mitengo, maluwa, mitengo ya kanjedza, zitsamba, udzu ndi zina.
Anthu angapo aku Mexico ali ndi gawo limodzi lazomwe amapita kukaona alendo komanso chuma chawo chifukwa chodziwika ndi chomera kapena zipatso ndi zotengera zake. Valle de Guadalupe wokhala ndi mphesa zabwino, Zacatlán ndi apulo, Calvillo ndi guava, Uruapan ndi peyala, anthu ena achikhalidwe omwe ali ndi bowa wa hallucinogenic ndi matauni angapo okhala ndi maluŵa okongola.
Momwemonso, kuwonera nyama ndizokopa alendo okaona malo angapo aku Mexico. Mwachitsanzo, kuwona kwa agulugufe achifumu ku Michoacán, kwa anamgumi m'mbali mwa Baja California Peninsula ndikuwonanso ma dolphin, akamba, mikango yam'nyanja ndi mitundu ina m'malo ambiri.
Kukhala ndi chuma chambiri chambiri kumathandizanso kuti dzikoli likhale ndi udindo. Mukakhala nazo zambiri, muyenera kusamalira ndi kusunga zambiri.
Zina mwa mbalame zodabwitsa zaku Mexico zomwe zimawopsezedwa kapena zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chotha ndi turkey wobisalira, tambala wam'mapiri, mbalame ya Tamaulipas, chiwombankhanga chotchedwa harpy ndi condor waku California.
Mndandanda wazinyama zimaphatikizapo nyama zamtengo wapatali monga jaguar, tigrillo, kalulu wophulika, kangaude ndi mbewa ya Chihuahua. Mndandanda womwewo ukhoza kupangidwa ndi amphibiya, zokwawa, ndi mitundu ina ya nyama.
Mitundu yayikulu yamitundu
Pali mitundu 62 ku Mexico ndipo ikadakhala yambiri ngati matenda opatsirana ndi kuzunza chifukwa chakugonjetsedwa kwa Spain sikunathe angapo a iwo.
Mitundu yomwe idakwanitsa kupulumuka idasunga zilankhulo zawo, miyambo, miyambo, magulu ammudzi, miyambo, nyimbo, zaluso, gastronomy, zovala ndi miyambo.
Zina mwazinthu zam'mbuyomu zidasungidwa pafupifupi zoyambira pomwe zina zidasakanikirana ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Puerto Rico ndi miyambo ina yamtsogolo.
Mwa mitundu yofunikira kwambiri ku Mexico masiku ano pali Amaya, Purépechas, Rrámuris kapena Tarahumara, Mixes, Huichols, Tzotziles ndi Coras.
Ena mwa magulu amtunduwu ankakhala okhaokha kapena osakhala okhaokha, ndikupanga zochitika zazing'ono makamaka kusonkhanitsa; ena adapanga mafuko, adamanga midzi ndi matauni okhala ndi malo okhala, ndikuchita ulimi ndi ulimi; ndipo otsogola kwambiri adatha kumanga mizinda ya anthu masauzande ambiri, zomwe zidadabwitsa olandawo atafika.
Ku Mexico pakadali pano pali azikhalidwe opitilira 15 miliyoni omwe amakhala pafupifupi 20% yamayiko.
Anthu achilengedwe akupitilizabe kulimbana kuti adzivomereze kwathunthu kuchokera kwa nzika zawo zomwe si nzika zawo, atazunzidwa kwazaka zambiri ndi omwe adagonjetsa ndi nkhondo komanso kusagwirizana ndi anthu aku Mexico.
Imodzi mwa njira zomwe zakhala zikuyenera ndikuti aphatikize anthu am'deralo m'malo ogwiritsira ntchito malo omwe akukhalamo.
Mexico ndi dziko lachiwiri padziko lapansi kuphatikiza mitundu yomwe idakhazikitsa poteteza ndi kusamalira zachilengedwe.
Zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilankhulo zaku Mexico idachokera kumitundu yayikulu yamitundu. Pakadali pano, zilankhulo zoposa 60 kupatula Spanish zimalankhulidwa ku Mexico, osaganizira mitundu yopitilira 360 yamalankhulidwe oyambira.
Mexico ndi amodzi mwa mayiko 10 omwe ali ndi zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mayiko ena omwe amadziwika kuti ndi achuma, monga Brazil, India, Indonesia, Australia, Nigeria ndi mayiko ena anayi aku Africa.
Malinga ndi kulengeza mu 2003 kwa General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples, zilankhulo zonse zaku Spain ndi Spanish zidatchulidwa kuti "zilankhulo zadziko", zomwe zinali zofananira kudera lonse la Mexico.
Modabwitsa, cholinga chogonjetsa anthu amtunduwu mwachinyengo kapena mwachinyengo chinali chabwino.
Amishonale ambiri komanso akatswiri aku Spain adadzikakamiza kuti aphunzire zilankhulo zakomweko kuti amvetsetse bwino ndi amwenye. Madikishonale, galamala, ndi zolembedwa zina zidatuluka munjira yophunzirira yomwe idathandizira kusunga mawu aku India.
Chifukwa chake, zilankhulo zaku Mexico zonga Nahuatl, Mayan, Mixtec, Otomí ndi Purépecha, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba m'mawu osindikizidwa okhala ndi zilembo zachi Latin.
Padziko lonse lapansi, zilankhulo ziwiri sizimadziwika ku Mexico: Spanish ndi Nahuatl. Nahuatl amalankhulidwa ndi anthu 1.73 miliyoni, Yucatec Mayan ndi anthu opitilira 850, Mixtec ndi Tzeltal ndioposa 500,000, ndi Zapotec ndi Tzotzil pafupifupi 500 zikwi.
Magadiversity osiyanasiyana
Mexico ili ndi magombe 9330 makilomita a m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific, kuphatikiza pagombe lomwe lili pafupi ndi nyanja yakumwera, Gulf of California kapena Nyanja ya Cortez. Powonjezera gombe lake, Mexico idadutsa ku America kokha ndi Canada.
Kufika pamtunda wa makilomita 1.96 miliyoni a kontinenti, Mexico ili ndi madera opitilira 7 zikwi. Mwa mabungwe 32 aku Mexico, 16 ali ndi zilumba zam'madzi.
Republic of Mexico ili ndi zilumba ndi zilumba zoposa 2,100, yayikulu kwambiri ndi Isla Tiburon, ku Gulf of California, yokhala ndi ma kilomita 1,200. Omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri komanso omwe amalandila alendo ochulukirapo ndi Cozumel ndi Isla Mujeres, ku Mexico Caribbean.
Akuyerekeza kuti Mexico inali ndi nkhalango zoposa 250,000 za nkhalango, zomwe zachepetsedwa kupitirira 40,000 chifukwa cha nkhalango zopanda pake, ulimi ndi migodi.
Ngakhale zili choncho, kuli nkhalango zambiri zomwe zatsala ku Mexico, monga Lacandon Jungle kumwera chakumwera kwa Chiapas, pafupifupi mahekitala miliyoni, komwe kuli gawo labwino lazachilengedwe komanso madzi.
Kukula kwake, Mexico ilinso yayitali komanso yosiyana, ndi mapiri atatu kapena mapiri ataliatali kuposa mamita 5,000 pamwamba pa nyanja, motsogozedwa ndi Pico de Orizaba, ndi ena 6 okhala ndi nsonga zawo zoposa mita 4,000 pamwamba pamadzi, kuphatikiza mapiri ang'onoang'ono.
Madera a Mexico ndi zinthu zina zazikulu, zokongola, komanso zosiyanasiyana. Malo owonongeka a dzikoli akutsogoleredwa ndi Chipululu cha Chihuahuan, chomwe chimagawana ndi United States. M'chipululu cha Chihuahuan mokha pali mitundu 350 ya nkhadze. Chipululu china chachikulu ku Mexico ndi cha Sonora.
Pazomwe tafotokozazi, tiyenera kuwonjezera zopereka zosiyanasiyana kunyanja, zilumba zam'nyanja, mitsinje, masavana ndi malo ena achilengedwe, kuti tikwaniritse gawo lalikulu laku Mexico.
Nyengo yayikulu kwambiri
Nthawi imodzimodziyo tsiku lililonse, atha kukhala kuti aku Mexico akuwotcha kutentha m'chipululu chakumpoto, akusangalala ndi nyengo yozizira mumzinda mumzinda wapakati wa Altiplano, kapena kunjenjemera ndi kuzizira ku Monte Real kapena m'malo okwera a phiri lachisanu.
Tsiku lomwelo, alendo aku Mexico kapena akunja atha kutuluka thukuta kwambiri akusangalala pa SUV mdera lamchipululu ku Baja California, pomwe wina akuwuluka mwachisangalalo ku Coahuila ndipo wachitatu ali mu swimsuit pagombe limodzi lotentha Riviera Maya kapena Riviera Nayarit.
Thandizo ndi nyanja zimakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwa nyengo yaku Mexico, ndi madera oyandikana nawo, koma okwera mosiyanasiyana, okhala ndi nyengo zosiyana.
Kumpoto kwa dzikolo, komwe kuli zipululu zazikulu, nyengo imakhala yowuma kwambiri, yotentha masana komanso yozizira usiku.
Madera ambiri apakatikati ndi pakati amakhala kumpoto kouma, kotentha kwapakati pa 22 ndi 26 ° C.
M'mapiri a Gulf of Mexico ndi Pacific, chilumba cha Yucatan, Isthmus ya Tehuantepec ndi Chiapas, chilengedwe ndi chinyezi komanso chinyezi.
Chikhalidwe chachikulu
Chikhalidwe chili ndi madera osawerengeka; kuyambira paulimi mpaka kupenta, kudzera kuvina ndi kuphika; kuyambira kuswana mpaka mafakitale, kudzera munyimbo ndi zofukula zakale.
Mexico ndiyosiyananso kwambiri kapena yosakanikirana m'miyambo yam'mbuyomu ndipo sikungakhale kutanthauzira kwa onse. Tiyeni titenge mwachitsanzo chachiwiri, kuvina ndi gastronomy, zonse chifukwa cha momwe zimasangalalira, komanso chifukwa chofuna kukopa alendo.
Magule angapo aku Mexico komanso mawonetseredwe osiyanasiyana amtundu wa folkloric amachokera nthawi zam'mbuyomu ku Spain, ndipo zina zidayamba kapena kukulitsidwa kudzera pakusakanikirana kwachikhalidwe ndi azungu komanso miyambo ina.
Rito de los Voladores de Papantla, chiwonetsero chovina chomwe chimakopa alendo ambiri opita ku Mexico, sichinasinthe kwenikweni kuyambira nthawi za pre-Columbian.
Tapatío jarabe, kuvina kodziwika kwambiri ku Mexico komwe kwadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, idayamba nthawi ya Revolution ya Mexico momwe ilili masiku ano, koma ili ndi zotsutsana munthawi ya atsamunda.
Ku Chiapas, Los Parachicos, chiwonetsero cha nthawi yolimbana ndi zikumbukiro zisanachitike ku Columbian, ndiye chomwe chimakopa kwambiri La Fiesta Grande de Chiapa de Corzo.
Son Huasteco ndi Zapateado yake, chizindikiro cha Chigawo cha Huasteca, ndichaposachedwa kwambiri, popeza zidatuluka m'zaka za zana la 19 ndimphamvu zakomweko, Spain ndi Africa.
Magule onsewa amalumikizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi nyimbo zomwe zimayimbidwa ndi zida zambiri zoyimbira zisanachitike ku Spain komanso ndi zomwe zidabweretsedwa ndi Spain ndi zikhalidwe zina zamtsogolo.
Mexico ndiye mtsogoleri wa anthu aku America pakuwonetsa kwawo komanso kusiyanasiyana kwamawu ake achikhalidwe.
Mtundu wa gastronomic megadiversity
Ndani sakonda kanyenya kanyama kanyama kakang'ono ka ku Mexico? Njira yophika nyamayo, kuyiyika mu dzenje la uvuni wokhala ndi masamba a maguey ndikuwotcha ndi miyala yotentha kwambiri, imatanthauza nthawi ya mafumu achi Aztec asanafike kumudzi. Amwenyewo adanyambata nswala ndi mbalame; nkhosa yamphongoyo inabweretsedwa ndi a ku Spain.
Ku Yucatán, a Mayan anali apainiya pakupanga msuzi, makamaka ndi tsabola wa habanero, yemwe amachita bwino kwambiri mderali. Msuziyu amapita ndi nyama zamasewera osiyanasiyana, monga nyama zanyama, nguluwe, pheasant ndi gologolo, komanso nsomba ndi nkhono. Cochinita pibil wotchuka adadikirira kuti aku Spain ayambitse nkhumba yaku Iberia.
Mole poblano, chizindikiro china cha ku Mexico, chinali chopangidwa ndi Aztec chomwe sichinayenera kudikirira nyama yotumizidwa, popeza kuyambira pachiyambi msuzi wovutawo anali wophatikizana ndi Turkey kapena Turkey woweta.
Taco yotchuka imatha kukhala ndi zodzaza zambiri, zakale kapena zamakono, koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi tortilla ya chimanga chisanachitike ku Spain.
M'mayiko ovuta kumpoto, a Rrámuris adaphunzira kudya chilichonse chomwe adapeza kuthengo, kuphatikiza bowa, mizu, nyongolotsi, ngakhale makoswe am'munda.
Zatsopano komanso zamatawuni ndi a Caesar Salad apadziko lonse lapansi, opangidwa ku Tijuana mzaka za 1920 ndi Margarita Cocktail wophiphiritsa, wopangidwa ndi Baja California wina kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1940.
Mosakayikira, zaluso zaku Mexico zophikirako zitha kusangalatsa makangaza onse akale komanso iwo omwe akufuna zokumana nazo zapa gastronomic.
Ndikosavuta kuyerekezera dziko lokongola kwambiri kuposa Mexico!
