Kulankhula za mbiriyakale yazikhalidwe, zilizonse zomwe zingachitike, kumatsogolera kulumikizana kwamalangizo kuti mufotokozere momwe thupi limakhalira; ndiye kuti, wopangidwa ndi gulu la anthu omwe, ndi chidwi chobadwa nacho, kuyambira pakuwona zachilengedwe, sanangotsanzira chabe komanso adabwera ku kulimba mtima kuti asinthe izi kuti zithandizire mdera lawo, ngakhale amayesetsa kuti asataye chilengedwe. kulinganiza zomwe chilengedwecho chinakhazikitsa, ndikupitilizabe kukakamiza, kwa iwo omwe amafuna kuti amvetsetse.
Pankhani ya Mexico, zomangamanga zakhala ndi chithandizo chakuwona, zokumana nazo ndikuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopezera kuthana ndi mavuto-, zakale kwambiri kotero kuti kupatula maumboni omwe alipobe, zitha kufanana ndi kufotokozera, kufalitsa kwa mibadwo powunikira nthawi yayikulu ukulu wa ntchito, kwatsika, ngati sikunali kolakwika, kufunikira kwawo kwakukulu monga chipatso cha kulingalira kwa munthu ndi luntha.
Koma sizinthu zonse zomwe zinali zomangamanga; Anali amitundu yosiyana, kutengera kuyankha kwawo, osachepetsa kufunikira kwawo; chifukwa chake, madzi, malingaliro ndi zotsutsana za kuchuluka ndi kusowa, zidapangitsa chidwi cha akatswiri. Pachiyambi, zomangamanga za piramidi zomwe zidasinthidwa posachedwa, zili ku La Quemada, Zacatecas, zomwe, monga magudumu amvula, zimatsutsa kuuma kwa chilengedwe, ndi damu lalikulu la Moquitongo, ku Puebla: kuwongolera koyamba kwa madzi kuthirira. Kumbali ina, ndikofunikira kunena kuti mvula yamkuntho-m'malo ena-, sinalepheretse kumangidwa kwa nsanja zazikulu kwambiri za ma adobe osagwirizana, pomwe San Lorenzo yonse, yachikhalidwe cha Olmec, idakhazikitsidwa.
Pogwiritsira ntchito nthawi ndi malo omwe gulu la Mexica linali ndi malo oledzeretsa monga chikhalidwe chakumapeto kwa Anahuac Valley, omaliza-paulendo wake wautali-adagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito pokwaniritsa zomwe akufuna chikhumbo chokhazikitsa nyumba yayikulu kwambiri komanso yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Spain. Kukhazikika kwawo koyamba, komwe tsopano ndi Hidalgo Avenue, kudakumana nawo ndi malo ankhanza omwe, m'malo mowawopseza, adawapangitsa kupeza zabwino nthawi zonse.
Poterepa adapeza yankho kudzera mu uinjiniya, ngakhale idalumikizidwa kale ndi ma hydraulic, makina amu nthaka, komanso kapangidwe ndi kukana kwa zida.
Anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amchere am'nyanja yam'mbali, omwe adatha kudzipatsa minda yachonde ndikupanga chinampas ngakhale kuli madzi amwano. Izi zidawatsogolera kumagulu okonda kusintha zinthu zakuthupi; Chimodzi mwa izo, albarradón, chomwe chimasiyanitsa madzi abwino ndi madzi amchere, chidakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha mainjiniya obadwira, Nezahualcoyotl, Lord of Texcoco. Ndi ntchitoyi, adakwanitsa kuthana ndi zopinga zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mwachilengedwe kwa anthu okhala m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamagetsi, kunawalola kuti awone china chake chomwe ngakhale masiku ano chitha kufotokozedwa ngati kusasamala: chilumba chochita kupanga chomwe chimadziwika kuti Isle of Dogs. Izi zidachitika pambuyo ponyamula dothi lapamwamba pamasamba omwe mpaka pano sadziwika; ndipo adapanga nsanja kuti iwoneke pafupi ndi nyanja yomwe idadutsa kupitilira kwa Metropolitan Cathedral kupita ku Peralvillo, komanso kuchokera ku Brazil Street kupita ku Church of Loreto, pafupifupi, ngakhale zikuwoneka ngati zosatheka.
Pachilumbachi adamanga malo awo azisangalalo mothandizidwa ndi zipilala. Izi zidatsutsana ndi kuchepa kwachilengedwe poletsa kukula kwa nthaka pophatikiza zomangamanga ndi makina amu nthaka. Pakadali pano, mpando wa olamulira achi Aztec sunafananepo.
Mzinda wamatsenga, kulimba mtima theka ndi kusasamala theka, wokhala ndi nyanja zisanu, zokulitsidwa mwamphamvu ndimakilomita a chinampería; Atazunguliridwa ndi zipilala zam'madzi komanso misewu yomwe, kudzera muzipata za madzi osefukira, imayendetsa kusalingana kwa nyanja kuti ipewe zovuta zowopsa. Koma nzika zake zakale zidamvetsetsa kuti, ngakhale zikuyimira kupambana paukadaulo, zinali zowonongera malire omwe adakhazikitsidwa mwachilengedwe, ndipo pozindikira izi adazipanga kuti zizigwidwa mwazithunzi mu chimalli chomwe chimadziwika kuti Great Tenochtitlan. Chilengedwe sichingakhululukire zolakwa zoterezi; Ndikulanga kunyalanyaza koteroko ndi kuphatikizika kwa moyo ndi kufa kwa madzi, kuphatikiza zochitika zanyengo.
Zomangamanga za New Spain
Cortés, woyang'anira wabwino kwambiri, analinso ndi mzimu wa mainjiniya, womwe udawonetsedwa kwakanthawi kochepa kuti chilengedwe sichinachite motsutsana ndi likulu. Pamodzi ndi womanga Alonso García Bravo, adakwanitsa kusinthitsa malingaliro a Renaissance a León Bautista Alberti ndi Sebastiano Sereyo kuti akhale mzinda wokhala ndi mabwalo ambiri, ozungulira kapena amakona anayi, monga momwe zingakhalire, ndi misewu yolunjika, yayikulu yomwe ili ndi nyumba zazitali mofanana. , ozungulira m'njira yoti agwiritse ntchito mphepo zakummawa, mphepo, mphepo zomwe amakonda komanso kumpoto.
M'malingaliro ake auzimu kunali kulingalira kwa Yerusalemu Watsopano Wakumwamba wa Saint Augustine; mwa zomangamanga, mpando wamtengo wapatali kwambiri wamtengo wapatali wa Crown waku Spain, momwe Carlos V adazitengera ngati chitsanzo pakukhazikitsa mizinda yayikulu, gawo lomwe linavomerezedwa pambuyo pake ndi Felipe II. Ndi izi, ukadaulo wolandila, womwe udatenga dziko la Mexico mwachangu, udawonekera m'malo onse okhala ku America.
Zomangamanga zopangidwa mwaluso posachedwa zidatulukira; Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi Atarazanas (komwe kuli San Lázaro), mbali ina kumtunda komanso mbali ina m'madzi a Nyanja Mexico, pomwe sitima zazikulu zitatu zimatchinjiriza zombozo madzulo. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa nyumba zosakwanira malo osalumikizana pachilumbachi, zidapangitsa ukadaulo waku Spain kulephera chifukwa chakucheperachepera, kusowa kwa mawonekedwe ndi ming'alu yomwe ikuwonekera mwachangu. Ndi izi, vuto latsopano lachilengedwe lidayambitsa ukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito njira zogwiritsa ntchito njira zaku Spain zisanachitike.
Mwa otulutsa omwe amawonetsa kusakanikirana kwa mayankho kumeneku anali maziko, ndipo atayesedwa bwino, mitundu ingapo yapansi yapansi idapezeka yoyenera nthaka. Imodzi idakwaniritsidwa potengera ma caisson osandulika a trapezoidal, okutidwa ndi chisakanizo chotsutsana kwambiri ndi chinyezi, chomwe chidatsekedwa ndi matabwa opangira opangidwa ndi "dothi ladothi lochokera ku Michoacán"; Izi kukhala zinthu zoyambirira zopangidwa ku Spain America.
Kucheperako, vuto lomwe silinafikepo mpaka pano, lidayambitsa viceroyalty yotanthauziridwa molakwika kulowa mgawo lamasiku ano amatauni ndi netiweki yapansi panthaka yamadzi oyenda potengera mapaipi osinthika - opangidwa ndi nkhwangwa zitatu zoyambira kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa-, ndi maukonde apansi panthaka, okhala ndi migodi itatu yoyenda kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto.
Palibe chomwe chinaimitsa kupita patsogolo kwa uinjiniya waku Mexico. Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chabwinoko chazomwe zimakonza nthaka, zidapangitsa mzindawu kukula kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu osati kuwonjezera kokha, komanso kuchuluka kwa nyumba zaboma, zachitetezo, zachipembedzo komanso zomata; pakadali pano, ngalande yomwe amayesa kuchotsa m'madzi mumzinda. Kumbali yake, Cathedral idakhala likulu loyeserera zomangamanga zomwe ziziwonekera kudera lonselo.
Nthawi ya fanizo la Carlos III idawonekera makamaka pakupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi ukadaulo komwe, kuphatikiza masanjidwe ena, omwe amalumikirabe mzindawu, adapanga mzinda womwe udadabwitsa Humboldt iyemwini. Ngakhale zili choncho, wolowererayo adalowa m'malo otsetsereka; Nthawi yosakhazikika pazandale idayamba pakubwera kwa mgwirizano wamayiko, munthawiyi, zomangamanga zinali zantchito zamaphunziro ndiukadaulo, munthawi ya Juarista.
Bungweli, momwe mainjiniya adayamba kuphunzitsidwa, lidakhala ngati chochitika chothandizira pothandizira kusintha kwa zomangamanga mdziko muno, kuphunzitsa magulu a akatswiri ophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri - monga momwe ziliri m'zaka za zana lino-, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zazikulu zitheke m'litali ndi mulifupi lonse la Republic. Makhalidwe ndi luso lake lakhala loti mapangidwe ake ndi kupangika kwake kudakhazikitsidwa, pamlingo wapadziko lonse, masukulu owona za zomangamanga, makamaka m'malo amaziko, zomangamanga, makina amiyendo, seismology, ma hydraulic and tunnel engineering. Kukula konseku ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Spain asanachitike kumakweza luntha la Mexico, nthawi zonse.
Gwero: Mexico mu Nthawi Na. 30 Meyi-June 1999
