Zaka 30,000 zapitazo gulu la anthu lopanda anthu opitilira makumi atatu limayendayenda m'malo omwe pano amadziwika kuti El Cedral, m'boma la San Luis Potosí ...
Mamembala a gululo anali kufunafuna mwakachetechete chakudya chawo, amadziwa kuti pafupi ndi kasupe nyama zimasonkhana kudzamwa. Nthawi zina amawasaka, koma pafupipafupi amangogwiritsa ntchito zotsalira zomwe zidatsalira ndi nyama, kapena ziweto zomwe zaphedwa posachedwa, popeza zinali zosavuta kudula mitemboyo.
Iwo amadabwa ndi kusangalala atazindikira kuti nthawi ino nyama yayikulu kwambiri yathyoledwa pagombe lamatope. Chilombo chachikulu chidapulumuka, kuyesetsa kutuluka m'matope ndi masiku omwe sanadye kuyiyika pamphepete mwaimfa. Chozizwitsa, azimayiwo sanazindikire nyamayo, chifukwa chake gulu loyamba laomwe akukhala masiku ano ku Mexico likukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito proboscide yakufa pachikondwerero chachikulu.
Pambuyo podikirira kwa maola ochepa kuti mastadon amwalire, kukonzekera kumayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe pachyderm imapereka. Amagwiritsa ntchito timiyala tambiri tating'onoting'ono, totsegulidwa pang'ono ndi kuphatikana kwa ma flakes awiri, kuti apange mpeni wakuthwa, womwe amadula nawo. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yomwe imakhudza mamembala angapo a gululi, chifukwa ndikofunikira kudula khungu lakuda m'malo oyenera, kuti muzitha kulikoka mwa kulikoka mwamphamvu: cholinga ndikutenga chikopa chachikulu kuti apange zovala.
Khungu limagwiridwira pafupi ndi pomwe lidadulidwa, pamalo athyathyathya; Choyamba, malo amkati amapukutidwa ndi chida chozungulira chozungulira, chofanana ndi chipolopolo cha kamba, kuchotsa mafuta okutira pakhungu; Pambuyo pake, mchere adzawonjezedwa ndipo adzaumitsidwa padzuwa. Pakadali pano, mamembala ena a gululi amakonza nyama ndikuthira mchere; magawo ena amasuta, kuti anyamulidwe atakulungidwa m'masamba atsopano.
Amuna ena amatenga zidutswa za nyama zomwe ndizofunikira kuti apange zida: mafupa atali, ziphuphu ndi minyewa. Azimayiwa amanyamula mafupa a Tariso, omwe mawonekedwe ake a kiyubiki amalola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira moto momwe nyama ndi matumbo ena zimawotchera.
Nkhani yakupezeka kwa mammoth imadutsa mwachangu chigwacho, chifukwa cha chenjezo lakanthawi la m'modzi mwa anyamata a gululi, yemwe amadziwitsa abale a gulu lina lomwe gawo lawo limafanana ndi kwake. Umu ndi momwe gulu lina la anthu pafupifupi makumi asanu limabwerera: amuna, akazi, ana, achinyamata, achikulire, okalamba, onse ofunitsitsa kugawana ndikusinthana zinthu pakudya pagulu. Kuzungulira moto amasonkhana kuti amvetsere nthano, pomwe amadya. Kenako amavina mosangalala ndikuseka, ndi nthawi yomwe simachitika kawirikawiri. Mibadwo yamtsogolo ibwerera ku kasupe, kwa zaka 21,000, 15,000, 8,000, 5,000 ndi 3,000 isanafike pano, popeza nkhani za agogo za madyerero akulu a nyama mozungulira moto zimapangitsa malowa kukhala osangalatsa.
Munthawi imeneyi, ofukula za m'mabwinja akuti Archeolithic (zaka 30,000 mpaka 14,000 zisanachitike), chakudya chimakhala chambiri; Gulu lalikulu la agwape, akavalo ndi nguluwe zakutchire zimasunthika nthawi zonse, kulola kuti nyama zazing'ono, zolema kapena zodwala zizisakidwa mosavuta. Magulu aanthu amawonjezera zakudya zawo potola mbewu zamtchire, mbewu, ma tubers ndi zipatso. Sada nkhawa ndi kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa obadwa, popeza pomwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuwopseza kuchepetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, ena mwa ocheperako amapatula gulu latsopano, ndikupita kudera lomwe silinafufuzidwe.
Nthawi zina gulu limadziwa za iwo, chifukwa pamaphwando ena amabwerera kudzamuchezera, akubweretsa zinthu zatsopano ndi zachilendo, monga zisoti za m'nyanja, pigment wofiira ndi miyala kuti apange zida.
Moyo wamakhalidwe ogwirizana ndiwofanana, mikangano imathetsedwa ndikutulutsa gululo ndikuyang'ana mawonekedwe atsopano; Munthu aliyense amachita ntchito yosavuta kwa iwo ndipo amaigwiritsa ntchito kuthandiza gulu, amadziwa kuti sangathe kukhala okha.
Kukhala mwamtendere kumeneku kumatha zaka pafupifupi 15,000, kufikira nyengo yomwe idalola kuti magulu a megabeast azidya kudera lonselo atatha. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono megafauna ikutha. Izi zikupanikiza magulu kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo wawo pothana ndi kutha kwa nyama zomwe zidawatumikira ngati chakudya, ndikusintha njira yawo yobera yosaka mwamphamvu. Zaka masauzande ambiri pakuwona zachilengedwe za dera lalikululi zimalola magulu a anthu kudziwa miyala yambiri. Amadziwa kuti ena ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kuposa ena kuti apange projectile point. Zina mwazo zinali zopyapyala komanso zazitali, ndipo poyambira pake padapangidwa chophimba chachikulu cha nkhope zawo, njira yopangira yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti Folsom. Chophimbacho chinkawalola kuti azigwira manja ndi zingwe kapena ulusi wamasamba mu ndodo zazikulu zamatabwa, zomwe mikondoyo amapangira.
Mfundo ina yopanga projekiti yopanga miyambo inali Clovis; Chida ichi chinali chopapatiza, chokhala ndi maziko otakata komanso osakanikirana, momwe poyambira amapangidwa omwe sanapitirire gawo lapakati pa chidutswacho; Izi zidawathandiza kuti azilowetsedwa timitengo ting'onoting'ono, ndi utomoni wa masamba, kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mivi pamodzi ndi zida zamatabwa.
Tikudziwa kuti thruster iyi, yomwe zaka zingapo pambuyo pake idzatchedwa atlatl, idakulitsa mphamvu ya kuwombera kwa dart, komwe kumatsitsimutsadi masewerawa pakulondola. Chidziwitso choterechi chinagawidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana kumpoto, pakati ndi kumwera kwa Mexico, koma aliyense wa iwo adzasiya kalembedwe kake potengera mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsonga. Mbali yomalizayi, yogwira ntchito kuposa mafuko, imasinthitsa chidziwitso chaukadaulo kuzikhalidwe za zopangira zakomweko.
Kumpoto kwa Mexico, munthawi imeneyi, odziwika ndi akatswiri ofukula zakale monga Lower Cenolithic (zaka 14,000 mpaka 9,000 zisanachitike), miyambo ya mfundo za Folsom imangolembedwa ku Chihuahua, Coahuila ndi San Luis Potosí; pomwe miyambo yamalangizo a Clovis imagawidwa ku Baja California, Sonora, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco ndi Querétaro.
Zikuwoneka kuti gulu lonse, amuna ndi akazi azaka zonse, adatenga nawo gawo pazosaka kuti zikwaniritse zotsatira. Kumapeto kwa nthawi imeneyi, nyama za Pleistocene zidawonongedwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwanyengo komanso kusaka mwamphamvu.
Munthawi yotsatira, Upper Cenolithic (zaka 9,000 mpaka 7,000 zisanachitike), mawonekedwe amalojekiti adasinthidwa. Tsopano ndi ocheperako ndipo amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi peduncle ndi zipsepse. Izi ndichifukwa choti masewerawa ndi ocheperako komanso osavuta, chifukwa chake nthawi ndi ntchito zimayikidwa pantchitoyi.
Pakadali pano, magawano antchito pakati pa abambo ndi amai adayamba kudziwika. Omalizawa amakhala mumsasa, pomwe amatolera zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamasamba, monga mbewu ndi ma tubers, omwe amakonzekera ndikuphatikizira akupera ndi kuphika kuti adye. Dera lonselo lakhala ndi anthu, ndipo kukolola ndi kusodza nsomba zam'madzi kumachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mitsinje.
Powonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala mdera lomwe anthu amakhala, pamafunika kupanga chakudya chochulukirapo pa kilomita imodzi; Poyankha izi, osaka nyama akumpoto amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha makolo awo chokhudzana ndi kubereka kwa mbewu zomwe amasonkhanitsa ndikuyamba kubzala mabulu, sikwashi, nyemba ndi chimanga m'malo otsetsereka ndi m'mapanga, monga a Valenzuela ndi La Perra, ku Tamaulipas, malo omwe chinyezi ndi zinyalala zachilengedwe zimakhazikika.
Ena amalimanso m'mphepete mwa akasupe, mitsinje, ndi nyanja. Nthawi yomweyo, kuti athye njere za chimanga, amayenera kupanga zida zopera zokhala ndi ntchito yayikulu, poyerekeza ndi zam'mbuyomu, zomwe zinali zosakaniza zopera ndi kuphwanya zomwe zimalola kuti mankhusu olimba atsegulidwe ndikuphwanyidwa. mbewu ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Chifukwa cha maluso aumisili, nthawi imeneyi imadziwika kuti Protoneolithic (zaka 7,000 mpaka 4,500 zisanachitike), omwe luso lawo lalikulu linali kugwiritsa ntchito kupukuta popanga matope ndi metates ndipo, nthawi zina, zokongoletsera.
Tawona momwe, poyang'anizana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, monga kutha kwa nyama, komwe kulibe mphamvu, okhazikika oyamba kumpoto kwa Mexico amayankha ndiukadaulo wanthawi zonse waukadaulo. Kukula kwa anthu kukuwonjezeka komanso madamu akulu anali osowa, adasankha kuyamba ulimi, kuti athane ndi kukakamizidwa kwa anthu pazachuma.
Izi zimapangitsa maguluwa kuti azigwira ntchito yambiri komanso nthawi yopanga chakudya. Zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake adakhazikika m'midzi ndi m'matawuni. Tsoka ilo, kukhala m'mipingo yayikulu ya anthu kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa matenda ndi chiwawa; kukulitsa kupanga; ku zovuta zaulimi chifukwa cha njirayi, komanso magawano m'magulu azikhalidwe. Lero tikuyang'ana m'munda wa Edeni womwe moyo wotayika unali wosavuta komanso wogwirizana, popeza membala aliyense wa osaka-osonkhanitsa anali ofunikira kuti apulumuke.
