Awa ndi amodzi mwamayiko omwe ali ndi chuma chambiri padziko lapansi ndipo ali ndi kuthekera kwakutali kwa theka la miliyoni miliyoni. Tikukupemphani kuti muyende nafe pansi panthaka yomwe ochepa ali ndi mwayi wodziwa.
Miyala yamiyala yayikulu komanso ya quaternary ili ponseponse, yomwe kuphatikiza ndi madzi ake akulu kwambiri yatipatsa ma cenotes, ndiye kuti, mabowo omwe amasefukira omwe amapezeka m'litali ndi mulifupi mwake. Pali zikwizikwi za cenotes. Ndipo ngakhale kufufuzidwa kwa mitundu iyi kumachokera kwa Amaya akale, m'nthawi ya Aspanya asanachitike, kulembetsa kwawo ndikuwunika mwadongosolo kwachitika posachedwa, zaka 30 zapitazo. Zomwe zapezazi ndi zodabwitsa monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwamachitidwe a Sac Aktún ndi Ox Bel Ha, ku Quintana Roo. M'magulu awiriwa, apitilira kutalika kwa makilomita 170, onse pansi pamadzi, ndichifukwa chake ali malo okhala ndi madzi osefukira kwambiri omwe amadziwika mpaka pano ku Mexico komanso padziko lapansi. Chilumbachi chilinso ndi mipata yokongola kwambiri ku Mexico monga Yaax-Nik ndi Sastún-Tunich.
M'mapiri a Chiapas
Amakhala ndi miyala yamiyala yakale, yochokera ku Cretaceous, yomwe imaphwanyikanso, yopindika komanso yopunduka, kuphatikiza kuti kumagwa mvula yambiri kumeneko. Derali lili ndi mipanda yowongoka komanso yopingasa. Chifukwa chake tili ndi Soconusco System, yokhala pafupifupi 28 km kutalika ndi 633 m kuya; mphanga wa Mtsinje La Venta, wokhala ndi 13 km; phanga lodziwika bwino la Rancho Nuevo, lomwe limapanga makilomita opitilira 10 ndikuya kwa 520 m; phanga la Arroyo Grande, nalonso 10 km kutalika; ndi Chorro Grande yopitilira 9 km. Ili ndi mipata yowongoka kwambiri monga Sótano de la Lucha, imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri ku Mexico, yomwe ili ndi chitsime chowoneka pafupifupi 300 m, kuphatikiza pokhala ndi mtsinje wapansi panthaka; khomo lolowera ku Sótano del Arroyo Grande ndilowona masentimita 283; Sima de Don Juan ndi phompho lina lalikulu lomwe lili ndi kugwa kwa 278 m; Sima Dos Puentes ali ndi cholembedwa cha 250 m; mu Soconusco System pali Sima La Pedrada yozungulira 220 m; Sima Chikinibal, ndikuponya kwathunthu kwa 214 m; ndi Fundillo del Ocote, ndi dontho la mamita 200.
Ku Sierra Madre del Sur
Ndi amodzi mwa zigawo zovuta kwambiri kuzolowera za thupi, mapangidwe amiyala osiyanasiyana, komanso kusakhazikika kwanyengo. M'chigawo chakum'mawa kwake, mapiri a Cretaceous miyala yamiyala yayikulu kwambiri amakhala m'malo amodzi mvula mdzikolo, pomwe ena mwa mapanga akuya kwambiri padziko lapansi afufuzidwa. Malo ozama kwambiri ku Mexico ndi kontinenti yaku America amadziwika m'chigawochi, ku Oaxaca ndi Puebla, ndiye kuti onse opitilira 1,000 m of unvenness, omwe ndi asanu ndi anayi. Zina ndizokulirapo, popeza zikuwonetsa kutalika kwa makilomita makumi angapo. Izi kungotchulapo chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pansi pa chigawochi. Dongosolo la Cheve limawoneka bwino m'chigawochi, ndi 1,484 m kuya; ndi Huautla System, yokhala ndi 1,475 m; onse ku Oaxaca.
Ku Sierra Madre Oriental
Imakhala ndi mapiri angapo olamulidwa ndi miyala yamiyala ya Cretaceous yopunduka kwambiri m'makola akulu. Mapanga ake amakhala owongoka, okhala ndi akuya kwambiri, monga Purificación System, yokhala ndi 953 m; Sótano del Berro, ndi mamita 838; Sótano de la Trinidad, ndi mamita 834; Borbollón Resumidero, yokhala ndi 821 m; Sótano de Alfredo, yokhala ndi mamita 673; ya Tilaco, ndi 649 m; Cueva del Diamante, ndi 621, ndi chipinda chapansi cha Las Coyotas, chokhala ndi 581 m, pakati podziwika kwambiri. M'madera ena pamakhala chitukuko chofunikira kwambiri chopingasa, monga ku Tamaulipas, komwe Purificación System ili ndi kutalika kwa 94 km, ndi Cueva del Tecolote yokhala ndi 40. Dera lino lakhala lotchuka kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa chakupezeka kwake maphompho akulu ofukula. Awiri adatcha kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa amadziwika kuti ndi ena mwakuya kwambiri padziko lapansi: Sótano del Barro, yomwe ili ndi mita 410 yopanda kuwombera, komanso Golondrinas yokhala ndi 376 m ofukula. Ndipo sizimangophatikizidwa pakati pazakuya kwambiri, komanso pakati paopepuka kwambiri, popeza wakale ali ndi malo okwana 15 miliyoni cubic metres, pomwe a Golondrinas ndi 5 miliyoni. Ziphompho zina zowoneka bwino za chigawochi ndi Sótano de la Culebra, chokhala ndi mamita 337; Sotanito de Ahuacatlán, yokhala ndi 288 m; ndi Sótano del Aire, ndi 233 m. El Zacatón akuyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera, ku Tamaulipas, cenote yayikulu, m'modzi mwa ochepa omwe amapezeka kunja kwa Yucatán, yemwe madzi ake amatsekera phompho lakuya la 329 mita.
M'mapiri ndi zigwa za Kumpoto
Ndiwo zigawo zouma kwambiri ku Mexico ndipo zimafalikira makamaka ku Chihuahua ndi Coahuila. Dera ili lili ndi zigwa zikuluzikulu zokhala ndi mapiri angapo apakatikati, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala osalala. Zigwa zimapanga chigawo cha biogeographic cha m'chipululu cha Chihuahuan. Chigawochi sichinafufuzidwe kwenikweni ndi mphanga ndipo chimapereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana mobisa okhala ndi zibowo zopingasa, ngakhale palinso zowongoka, monga Pozo del Hundido, ndi kugwa kwaulere kwa 185 m. Mapanga opingasa omwe amadziwika satha kukulitsa, akuwonetsa Cueva de Tres Marías, ndikukula kwa 2.5 km ndi malo a Nombre de Dios, mumzinda wa Chihuahua, pafupifupi 2 km. M'chigawo ichi mapanga a Naica amadziwika, makamaka Cueva de los Cristales, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi malo okongola komanso odabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
