Wodalitsika ndi chilengedwe cha amayi, Sierra Gorda de Querétaro ilinso ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali chomwe chadziwika kuti World Heritage Sites. Apeze!
Pulogalamu ya Cerro GordoMonga opambanawo adazitchulira, chinali maziko omaliza a Amwenye oopsa, Chichimecas ndi Amwenye a ku Jonacas, mafuko omwe adadabwitsa a Spaniard iwowo ngakhale ife, omwe akupitilizabe kuzindikira maluso awo ojambula ndi ntchito zawo.
Kupirira konse ndi kulimba mtima kwa mbadwazo zidakwaniritsidwa munyumba zokongola zamatchalitchi a Jalpan, Concá, Landa, Tancoyol Y TilacoMishoni zomwe zidamangidwa chifukwa cha kuleza mtima ndi kupirira kwa mkulu wachifrancis Junípero Serra, yemwe adakhala wopereka chithandizo komanso woteteza nzika zam'derali poyang'anizana ndi nkhanza zomwe asitikali adachita motsutsana nawo.
Chifukwa chake, pakuwona ntchito zawo wina amadabwa, zikutheka bwanji kuti amunawa awonedwa ngati achiwawa, achilendo, opusa, osadziwika komanso osagwirizana ndi anzawo? Ngakhale masiku athu ano omasulira akuti "Chichimeca Indian" amagwiritsidwa ntchito monyoza kwa iwo omwe amaoneka ngati opusa komanso otseka kulingalira, koma palibenso zabodza. Nkhani yake itha kufotokozedwa mwachidule m'mawu achisoni akuti: "Nyulu sinali yamwano koma timitengo tinatero."
Amuna awa omwe sanataye malo awo ndi ufulu wawo, ngakhale ndi mphamvu zankhondo, kapena ndi nkhanza za omwe agonjetsa; omwe adapulumuka m'mapiri akudya mbewu ndi mizu, pomaliza pake adadzipereka okha mofatsa, mwadala komanso omvera pantchito yopindulitsa ya Fray Junípero Serra, omwe adakwanitsa, kuwonjezera pakuwasandutsa Chikhristu, kuwakhazikitsa m'magulu ogwira ntchito komanso opindulitsa.
Munali mu 1744 pomwe Captain José Escandón adakhazikitsa mishoni zisanu momwe sanapeze zotsatira, ndipo Friar Serra adadzatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake.
Maso a madzi, mitsinje yamphamvu ndi nthaka zachonde ndizo zomwe zidatsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mautumikiwa, omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'malo ovuta kwambiri, pakati pazambiri ndipo, chifukwa chake, amakhala ndi Amwenye zikwizikwi.
Mpaka nthawiyo, atakhala zaka 200 zapitazo ndipo ngakhale anali ambiri ku Spain komanso ankhondo, Amwenyewa adapitilizabe kulanda zakuthupi ndi zakuthupi, ndichifukwa chake asitikali amangoyang'ana kuwonongedwa kulikonse. izi zidatanthauza manyazi matimu 30 okha ochokera ku Khothi Laku Spain.
Kulalikira ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere mu Sierra Gorda waku Querétaro Unali ulendo wovuta komanso wovuta. Amishonale a Augustinian ndi a Dominican anafika pamaso pa a Franciscans, koma adachoka popanda kupambana, motero, kuwonongedwa kwa Amwenye kunkawoneka kuti kuli pafupi.
Pomaliza, aliyense amene adachita bwino adachita izi chifukwa cha kuleza mtima komanso kulingalira: kuchokera ku Colegio de San Fernando, ku Mexico City, chinthu choyamba chomwe Fray Junípero Serra adachita kuti athetse chilombo cha Sierra Gorda ndikumudyetsa.
Ntchito yolalikira
Kuchita bwino kwa Fray Junípero ndi Amwenye kunali chifukwa chodziwa kuti amayenera kuthana ndi mavuto azakuthupi ndikuyesa kulalikira, chifukwa, monga adanenera kwa Korona: "... palibenso china chabodza komanso chodzudzulidwa kulephera kunamizira kutembenuza amwenye pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo ”.
Kukana kwawo Chikhristu kunali makamaka chifukwa chakuti amakhala kumabalalika m'mapiri ndipo amayenera kufunafuna chakudya kuti apulumuke ngakhale kuti dzikolo linali lolemera. Pomaliza, abambo aku Franciscan adawapatsa zomwe amafunikira kuti asayendenso kumapiri.
Pambuyo pake, olimba mtima adakumana ndi vuto lachiwiri komanso lalikulu: ankhondo. Kuyambira mu 1601, m'mene mmishonale woyamba, a Fray Lucas de los Ángeles, adalowa ku Sierra Gorda, asitikali ndiomwe amayambitsa mikangano yonse komanso kulephera kwa ntchito yolalikira.
Pofuna kuyika chuma chawo patsogolo ndikupeza katundu wambiri, asitikaliwo sanamvere malamulo a Korona ndipo adaumiriza kuyambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi amwenye omwe nawonso amafuna ufulu wawo. Mofananamo, asirikali adapangitsa dzina la Mulungu kudana ndi Amwenye komanso alendo onse, pachifukwa ichi, am'deralo pobwezera, adawononga amisili ndikuipitsa mafano awo.
Woyang'anira woteteza, mestizo Francisco de Cárdenas, adapempha mlendo yemwe adayendera mishoni, mu 1703, kuti amenye nkhondo yowononga: kuti atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ufulu wathunthu m'migodi yambiri yasiliva yomwe sinapangidwe chifukwa choopa Amwenye opandukawo ".
Mosakayikira, chomwe chimawatsimikizira tsogolo la amwenyewo ndi umishonalewo ndi kukambirana kwa akatswiri obadwira pachilumba cha Mallorca, Spain. Imeneyi inali ntchito yawo ku Querétaro, kotero kuti asirikali adati ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndi mishoni yake ku Crown.
Mu kanthawi kochepa kwambiri, ntchito ndi zokambirana zake zidamulola kuti athetse kuwonongeka kwa asirikali ndikupeza zochulukira, zomwe adayika nyama ndi makina kuti agwire ntchito.
Junípero sanangowonetsa kuti kuwunika kwa asitikali, omwe adafotokoza kuti Amwenyewo anali okonda kupha komanso aulesi, anali olakwika kwathunthu, adakwanitsanso kupanga mgwirizano wabwino, kotero kuti panthawi yomwe amapita ku Mexico madera asanu anali okhutira, mabanja adatsimikiziridwa za moyo wawo ndipo ntchito zawo zimawonekera bwino. Kenako alimi adatha kudzipereka kuti chikhulupiriro chawo chifalikire.
Atagwira ntchito zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, a Junípero adayitanidwira ku Mexico, komwe amatenga chikho chachikulu kwambiri chomwe akadapeza: a Mkazi wamkazi Cachum, Amayi a Dzuwa ndipo chomaliza cha mafano a Pame, omwe amawasunga mwansanje m'mapiri ndi omwe asitikali adafufuza pachabe kwazaka zambiri. Nthawi ina, monga chisonyezo chakumvera kwawo komanso kudzikana, adampereka kwa bambo Serra.
Kutchuka kwake ngati njira yabwino yopita kwa Amwenye kupita ku Chikhristu kudapitilira ndipo adadziwika ku Spain, komwe adaganiza zomusamutsira kumalo osamvana kwambiri, monga Alta California, komwe kuwopsezedwa ndi aku Russia kapena achi Japan, ndipo Aapache ankachita nkhanza zoopsa. Ndipo ndipamene, ndendende, pomwe Friar Junípero Serra akwaniritse ntchito yake yayikulu yolalikira.
Zaka zoposa 200 atamwalira - mu 1784-, onse mu Spain monga mkati Mexico ndipo koposa zonse, mu United States, amalemekezedwa ngati woyambitsa amishonale odziwika bwino aku California, ndipo adamuimika chipilala ku Washington Capitol. Mphamvu ya mzimu wachichepereyo siyiyiwalika chifukwa ntchito zake, monga mipingo yokongola ya Querétaro ndi misonkho yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira ku California, zikuwonetsa bwino ukulu wake.
Achinyamata Pata Coja
Pambuyo podziwa ntchito ya munthu wodabwitsayu, ndizosangalatsa kudziwa zambiri zakubwera kwake ku America.
Pochita chidwi ndi ntchito yayikulu yomwe idachitika mdziko latsopanoli, Mbale Junípero akwanitsa kuyamba limodzi ndi mnzake wosagawanika, woulula komanso wolemba mbiri yakale, bambo Francisco Palou, paulendo wa amishonale aku Franciscan omwe adzafike pa doko la Veracruz.
Kuyambira pachiyambi zovuta zimayamba, zomwe ndizoyambira chabe zaulendo womwe ukuwayembekezera pantchito yawo yolalikira.
Wokondwa chifukwa madzi adatha masiku apitawo, chilumba cha Puerto Rico chikuwoneka mozizwitsa kuti chidzawapulumutsa kuti asafe ndi ludzu. Patapita masiku, atayesa kufika ku Veracruz, mkuntho wamphamvu udawakankhira kunyanja kuti, poyenda motsutsana ndi mafundewo, adakwanitsa kuzika pa Disembala 5, 1749, koma sitimazo zidawotchedwa.
Atafika ku kontrakitala yatsopano, mayendedwe omwe adzamutenge ali okonzeka, koma Fray Junípero aganiza zopita ku Mexico City wapansi. Anayenda kudutsa m'nkhalango za Veracruz zosakhalitsa ndipo usiku wina nyama ina yamuluma phazi, ndikumusiya akudziwika mpaka kalekale.
Moyo wake wonse adadwala zilonda zomwe zidamupangitsa kuluma, zomwe zidamulepheretsa kuyenda mwamphamvu koma zomwe iye mwini adakana kuzichiritsa; Ndi nthawi imodzi yokha pomwe adavomereza kuti womunyamula adamunyamula, osawona kusintha kulikonse kwakumva kuwawa kwake, motero sanalolerenso thandizo.
Izi sizinasokoneze kuthekera komanso chidwi cha "opunduka mwendo", yemwe malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yake, Palou, adawonedwa akunena misa mofanana ndikunyamula zolumikizira akachisi atsopano ku Querétaro kapena California ndi amwenye.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa malo, M'bale Junípero sanasiye chizindikiro china kuposa amisiliwa. Komabe, ku Alta California nthawi yonse idatsegulidwa, yolembedwa ndi olemba mbiri monga Herbert Howe, "m'badwo wagolide waku California", malo komwe adamenyera ulemu Amwenye ndi komwe adagwirako ntchito mpaka tsiku lomaliza la moyo wake, Ogasiti 28, 1784.
Kuphatikizidwa kwa ankhondo
Junípero analinso ndi mphatso yotsogolera kulimba mtima konseku kumamvera kwa amwenye. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi zomangamanga za Querétaro, zokongola zokongola kwambiri zomwe sizikusowa kuyamikiridwa, chifukwa mwa iwo okha zimakhala ndi matsenga amagetsi omwe amapangitsa wowonera kutembenuza maso omwe amatha kutayika mu labyrinths yomwe imawonekera.
Izi sizinangowonjezera amwenye olimba mtima kwambiri kuti atenge Chikhristu monga chawo, komanso kuti agwirizane m'makampani awo. Ngakhale samadziwa bwino zomangamanga, adakwanitsa kupanga mipingo yodzitchinjiriza, ndipo chinali chifuniro komanso chikhulupiriro chokhazikika chomwe adafesa mwa mbadwazo kuti athe kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yomanga yovutayi. Makhalidwe a onsewa ndi zithunzi za mestizo, zomwe zimafotokoza za kutengapo gawo kwakukulu kwa Amwenye omwe adatchulidwanso "opusa", omwe adakhala akatswiri ojambula mphatso zazikulu zokhoza kukwaniritsa izi.
Kuchokera posaiwalika mpaka kulemera
Tsoka ilo, mamishoni onse asanu awonongeka nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi onsewo oyera opanda mutu komanso zomanga zosakwanira zimawonekera. Ena adapulumutsidwa ku nsikidzi monga mileme yomwe idathawira pomwe idasiyidwa. Atapangidwa ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri, mipingo iyi imakhalabe yokongola komanso yoyimirira koma yawonongeka modabwitsa.
Pazaka zopitilira 200 zomwe zidadutsa kuyambira pomwe idamangidwa, achoka paulemerero ndiulemerero, mpaka kusiya, kufunkha ndi kunyalanyaza. Pa nthawi ya Revolution, makamaka chifukwa chovuta kupeza, adakhala ngati malo osinthira anthu owukira boma komanso owabera omwe adawapeza m'malo osayembekezereka omwe adakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa Sierra Gorda.
Pakadali pano mipingo imasamaliridwa, koma zida zomwe ali nazo sizokwanira kupewera kuwonongeka komwe kumawonekera chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso kupita kwa nthawi, koposa kuti abwezeretse kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika kale. Tiyeni tisawalole kuti asoweke.
ZOKHUDZA ZAKALE ZAKALE ZA SIERRA GORDA
Jalpan
Jalpan inali ntchito yoyamba yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Epulo 5, 1744; dzina lake limachokera ku Nahuatl ndipo limatanthauza "pamchenga". Ili ku 40 km kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pinal de Amoles.
Jalpan idaperekedwa kwa mtumwi Santiago, ngakhale lero chithunzithunzi cha mtumwi chasinthidwa ndi wotchi yosavomerezeka. Pazithunzi zake pali chiwombankhanga cha ku Spain-Mexico chomwe chitha kuyimira mphungu ya Habsburg ndi chiwombankhanga chaku Mexico chomwe chimadya njoka.
Concá
Concá ndi wocheperako pamatchalitchi asanu ndipo adadzipereka kwa San Miguel Arcangel. Zojambula zake zikuyimira kupambana kwa chikhulupiriro ndipo inali ntchito yachiwiri yomwe a Captain Escandón adakhazikitsa. Chivundikirocho chomwe chili ndi mitolo ikuluikulu ya mphesa chimaonekera pachikuto chake, komanso lingaliro lake loyambirira la Utatu Woyera ndi chifanizo cha mkulu wa angelo Michael. Monga Tancoyol, yawonongeka kwambiri, kotero kuti ziboliboli ziwiri zopanda mutu zimawoneka.
Landa
Landa, wochokera ku mawu a Chichimeca "matope“Ndi ntchito yokongola kwambiri kuposa zonse; pakadali pano dzina lake lonse ndi Santa María de las Aguas de Landa. Kutsogolo kwake kukuyimira "Mzinda wa Mulungu", malinga ndi akatswiri azachipembedzo. Zambiri zimakopa chidwi pomwe machaputala angapo ndi matanthauzidwe adakhazikitsidwa.
Tilaco
Nyumba yomangidwa ku San Francisco de Asís, Tilaco ndiye mishoni yathunthu, ndipo zikutanthauza ku Nahuatl "madzi akuda". Ili ku 44 km kum'mawa kwa Landa.
Ili ndi tchalitchi, nyumba ya masisitere, atrium, mapemphelo, tchalitchi chotseguka ndi mtanda wopangira. Pamaso pake pali ziwonetsero zinayi zokongola, kutanthauzira kwake kumabweretsa kutsutsana, komanso vase ndi zinthu zakum'mawa zomwe zimatha kumaliza.
Zamgululi
Dzina la Huasteco, Tancoyol ndiye "Malo amtchire". Chivundikiro chake ndi chitsanzo choyenera kwambiri pamachitidwe a baroque. Wodzipereka kwa Dona Wathu wa Kuunika, chithunzi chake chosowa ndipo malo ake amakhalabe opanda kanthu.
Mitanda ndiyomwe imachitika mobwerezabwereza, monga mtanda wa Yerusalemu ndi mtanda wa Calatrava. Yobisika m'malo okongola, ili pa 39 km kumpoto kwa Landa.
Zomangamanga izi zimayembekezera kupita kwa nthawi, kuti zisamaliridwe ndikusungidwa chifukwa kukongola kwake ndikofunika kupita ku Sierra Gorda de Querétaro. Kodi mukudziwa iliyonse yamishoniyi?
