Wobatizidwa muzochita zazikulu ziwiri za m'zaka za zana la 20, kulimbana ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe cha chipani cha Komyunisiti ndikumanga zaluso zaku Mexico zomwe zidasintha, wojambula zithunzi Tina Modotti wakhala chithunzi cha m'zaka zathu zino.
Tina Modotti adabadwa mu 1896 ku Udine, mzinda womwe uli kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Italy komwe panthawiyo anali mbali ya Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary ndipo anali ndi chikhalidwe chazomwe zimagwira ntchito zamaluso. Pietro Modotti, wojambula zithunzi wodziwika bwino ndi amalume ake, mwina ndiye woyamba kumuwuza zamatsenga za labotaleyo. Koma mu 1913 mnyamatayo adapita ku United States, komwe abambo ake adasamukira, kukagwira ntchito ku California monga anthu ena aku Italiya omwe adakakamizidwa kuchoka kwawo chifukwa cha umphawi wadera lawo.
Tina ayenera kuphunzira chilankhulo chatsopano, kulowa nawo pantchito yama fakitole ndi gulu lomwe likukula pantchito - lamphamvu komanso losagwirizana - lomwe banja lake lidakhalapo. Posakhalitsa, adakumana ndi wolemba ndakatulo komanso wopaka utoto Roubaix de L'Abrie Richey (Robo), yemwe adamukwatira, atakumana ndi anthu anzeru osiyanasiyana a pambuyo pa WWI Los Angeles. Kukongola kwake kwapadera kumamupatsa gawo loti akhale nyenyezi yotsogola yamakampani ang'onoang'ono aku Hollywood. Koma Tina azilumikizidwa nthawi zonse ndi anthu omwe angamulole kutsatira njira yomwe iyemwini akusankha, ndipo mndandanda wa omwe ali nawo tsopano ukutipatsa mapu owona.
Robo ndi Tina amakumana ndi akatswiri ena aku Mexico monga Ricardo Gómez Robelo, omwe adasamuka chifukwa chazovuta zandale zomwe zidachitika ku Mexico ndipo, makamaka Robo, amasangalatsidwa ndi nthano zomwe zikuyamba kupanga gawo la mbiri yaku Mexico mzaka za 1920. Munthawi imeneyi, adakumana ndi wojambula waku America a Edward Weston, yemwe adalimbikitsanso kwambiri pamoyo wake komanso pantchito yake.
Art ndi ndale, kudzipereka komweku
Robo amapita ku Mexico komwe amwalira mu 1922. Tina amakakamizidwa kupita kumaliro ndipo amakondana ndi ntchito zaluso zomwe zikukonzedwa. Chifukwa chake mu 1923 adasamukira kudziko lomwe lidzakhale gwero, wolimbikitsa komanso mboni za ntchito yake yojambula komanso kudzipereka kwake pandale. Nthawi ino akuchoka ndi Weston ndi ntchito yawo, kuti aphunzire kujambula (kuphatikiza pakuphunzira chilankhulo china) ndikupanga chilankhulo chatsopano kudzera mu kamera. Mu likulu adalumikizana mwachangu ndi gulu la ojambula ndi ophunzira omwe amayenda mozungulira kamvuluvulu yemwe anali Diego Rivera. Weston amawona kuti nyengo ndi yabwino pantchito yake ndipo Tina amaphunzira kuti amuthandize pa labotale mosamalitsa, ndikukhala womuthandiza kwambiri. Zambiri zanenedwa za nyengo ya nthawi imeneyo pomwe luso landale komanso zandale zimawoneka zosasunthika, ndikuti ku Italiya zimatanthauza kulumikizana ndi Gulu Lalikulu Lachikomyunizimu la Mexico.
Weston abwerera ku California kwa miyezi ingapo, zomwe Tina amapindula nazo kulemba makalata afupiafupi komanso okhwima omwe amatilola kuti tipeze zomwe amakhulupirira. Atabwerera ku America onse adawonetsedwa ku Guadalajara, akuyamikiridwa munyuzipepala zakomweko. Tina nayenso ayenera kubwerera ku San Francisco, kumapeto kwa 1925 amayi ake atamwalira. Kumeneko amatsimikiziranso kukhulupirira kwake ndikukhala ndi kamera yatsopano, Graflex yemwe adzakhala mnzake wokhulupirika kwa zaka zitatu zotsatira za kukhwima monga wojambula zithunzi.
Atabwerera ku Mexico, mu Marichi 1926, Weston adayamba ntchito yojambula zaluso, zomangamanga ndi zojambula zamakono kuti afotokozere za buku la Anita Brenner, Idols kuseri kwa maguwa, zomwe ziziwathandiza kuti ayendere gawo lina la dzikolo (Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla ndi Oaxaca) ndikusanthula chikhalidwe chofala. Chakumapeto kwa chaka Weston achoka ku Mexico ndipo Tina akuyamba ubale wake ndi Xavier Guerrero, wojambula komanso membala wokangalika wa PCM. Komabe, apitilizabe ubale wapakatikati ndi wojambula mpaka pomwe amakhala ku Moscow. Munthawi imeneyi, amaphatikiza zochitika zake monga wojambula zithunzi komanso kutenga nawo mbali pantchito za Chipani, zomwe zimalimbitsa kulumikizana kwake ndi ena mwa omwe amapanga miyambo yodziwika bwino yazaka khumi, aku Mexico komanso akunja omwe adabwera ku Mexico kudzawona kusintha kwachikhalidwe. Zomwe zidalankhulidwa kwambiri.
Ntchito yake imayamba kuwonekera m'magazini azikhalidwe monga Mawonekedwe, Kulenga Luso Y Chaku Mexico Folkways, komanso m'mabuku akumapiko akumanzere aku Mexico (Machete), Chijeremani (AIZWachimerika (Chatsopano Misa) ndi Soviet (Puti Mopra). Momwemonso, imalemba ntchito za a Rivera, a José Clemente Orozco, a Máximo Pacheco ndi ena, zomwe zimamupatsa mwayi wowerenga mwatsatanetsatane malingaliro osiyanasiyana amitunduyi a nthawi imeneyo. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1928, adayamba kukondana ndi a Julio Antonio Mella, wachikominisi waku Cuba yemwe adathawira ku Mexico komwe kudzawonetsa tsogolo lake, popeza mu Januware chaka chotsatira adaphedwa ndipo Tina adachita nawo kafukufukuyu. Mkhalidwe wandale mdzikolo unakulirakulira ndipo kuzunza otsutsa boma kunali kofala. Tina amakhala mpaka February 1930, pomwe adathamangitsidwa mdziko muno akuimbidwa mlandu wochita chiwembu chofuna kupha purezidenti yemwe wasankhidwa kumene, a Pascual Ortiz Rubio.
M'makhalidwe oyipawa, Tina amachita ntchito ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pantchito yake: amapita ku Tehuantepec komwe amatenga zithunzi zosonyeza chilankhulo chake chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chikuyenda bwino, ndipo mu Disembala amachita chiwonetsero chake choyamba . Izi zimachitika ku National Library chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi woyang'anira wa National University, Ignacio García Téllez ndi Enrique Fernández Ledesma, director of the library. David Alfaro Siqueiros adachitcha kuti "Chiwonetsero choyamba chosintha ku Mexico!" Atachoka m'dzikoli m'masiku ochepa, Tina amagulitsa zinthu zake zambiri ndikusiya zina mwazithunzi ndi Lola ndi Manuel Álvarez Bravo. Umayamba gawo lachiwiri losamukira, lolumikizidwa ndi ntchito yake yandale yomwe ikulamulira kwambiri kukhalapo kwake.
Mu Epulo 1930, adafika ku Berlin komwe adayesa kugwira ntchito yojambula ngati ali ndi kamera yatsopano, Leica, yomwe imalola kuti anthu azitha kuyenda komanso kuchita zinthu modzidzimutsa, koma zomwe adapeza zosemphana ndi kapangidwe kake kapamwamba. Atakhumudwa chifukwa chovuta kugwira ntchito yojambula zithunzi komanso kuda nkhawa ndi kusintha kwa ndale ku Germany, adapita ku Moscow mu Okutobala ndipo adayamba kugwira nawo ntchito ku Socorro Rojo Internacional, m'modzi mwa mabungwe othandizira a Communist International. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, amasiya kujambula, kuti azitha kujambula zochitika zaumwini, kutaya nthawi ndi khama lake kuchitapo kanthu pandale. Ku likulu la Soviet, akutsimikizira kulumikizana kwake ndi Vittorio Vidali, wachikominisi waku Italiya, yemwe adakumana naye ku Mexico ndipo adzakhale naye zaka khumi zapitazo.
Mu 1936 anali ku Spain, akumenyera nkhondo kuti boma la Republican lipambane mgulu la chikominisi, mpaka mu 1939 adakakamizidwa kusamukanso, ndi dzina labodza, asanagonjetsedwe Republic. Kubwerera ku likulu la Mexico, Vidali adayamba kukhala kutali ndi abwenzi ake akale ojambula, mpaka pomwe imfa idamudabwitsa, ali yekha mu taxi, pa Januware 5, 1942.
Ntchito yaku Mexico
Monga tawonera, kujambula zithunzi kwa Tina Modotti kumangokhala zaka zomwe zidakhala mdzikolo pakati pa 1923 ndi 1929. Mwanjira iyi, ntchito yake ndi yaku Mexico, kotero kuti yakhala ikuyimira zina mwazomwe zimachitika ku Mexico mzaka izi. . Mphamvu yomwe ntchito yake komanso ya Edward Weston adakhala nayo pazithunzi zaku Mexico tsopano ndi mbiriyakale yazithunzi m'dziko lathu.
Modotti adaphunzira kuchokera ku Weston mawonekedwe osamalitsa komanso oganiza bwino omwe amakhala wokhulupirika nthawi zonse. Poyamba Tina anali ndi mwayi wowonetsa zinthu (magalasi, maluwa, ndodo), pambuyo pake adayang'ana kwambiri kuyimira kwamakampani ndi mapangidwe amakono. Adawonetsera abwenzi ndi alendo omwe akuyenera kukhala umboni wa umunthu ndi zikhalidwe za anthu. Momwemonso, adalemba zochitika zandale ndikupanga mndandanda kuti apange zizindikilo za ntchito, umayi, ndi kusintha. Zithunzi zake zimakhala zenizeni kuposa zomwe zikuyimira, kwa Modotti chofunikira ndikuwapangitsa kuti apereke lingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro andale.
Tikudziwa zakufunika kwake kupondereza zokumana nazo kudzera mu kalata yomwe adalembera aku America mu February 1926: "Ngakhale zinthu zomwe ndimakonda, zinthu za konkriti, ndizipangitsa kuti zisinthe, ndizisandutsa zinthu zenizeni. zinthu zosadziwika ", Njira yothetsera chisokonezo ndi" chidziwitso "chomwe mumakumana nacho m'moyo. Kusankha komweko kwa kamera kumakupangitsani kukhala kosavuta kuti mukonzekere zotsatira zomalizira ndikulolani kuti muzindikire chithunzicho momwe chimapangidwira. Malingaliro oterewa atha kutanthauza kuti kafukufuku yemwe zinthu zonse zikuyang'aniridwa, m'malo mwake amagwiranso ntchito mumsewu bola kufunika kwa zithunzizo ndikofunikira. Kumbali inayi, ngakhale zithunzi zake zosaoneka bwino komanso zojambula bwino zimakonda kufotokoza za kupezeka kwa anthu. Chakumapeto kwa 1929 adalemba chidule, Za kujambula, chifukwa cha kuwunika komwe amakakamizidwa panthawi yachionetsero chake; mtundu wazikhalidwe zake zaluso ku Mexico asanamwalire. Kuchoka kwake pamalingaliro okongoletsa maziko a ntchito ya Edward Weston ndiyabwino.
Komabe, monga tawonera, ntchito yake imadutsa magawo osiyanasiyana omwe amachokera pakutha kwa zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka kujambula, kulembetsa ndikupanga zizindikilo. Mwanjira yayitali, mawu onsewa atha kuphatikizidwa pamalingaliro a chikalata, koma cholinga chake ndi chosiyana ndi chilichonse. M'zithunzi zake zabwino kwambiri, chisamaliro chake pakupanga, kuyeretsa kwa mawonekedwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala komwe kumapangitsa ulendo wowonekera kumaonekera. Amakwaniritsa izi kudzera muulamuliro wosalimba komanso wovuta womwe umafunikira kukonzekereratu kwaumunthu, komwe pambuyo pake kumakwaniritsidwa ndi maola ochuluka m'chipinda chamdima mpaka atakwanitsa zomwe zidamukhutitsa. Kwa wojambulayo, inali ntchito yomwe idamulola kuti azitha kufotokoza bwino, koma zomwe, zimachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito zandale. Mu Julayi 1929 adavomereza kalata ku Weston kuti: "Mukudziwa Edward kuti ndidakali ndi njira yabwino yojambula bwino, vuto ndikuti ndilibe nthawi yopuma komanso bata kuti ndigwire bwino ntchito."
Moyo wolemera komanso wovuta komanso ntchito yomwe, pambuyo poti idayiwalika kwazaka zambiri, zapangitsa kuti pakhale zolemba zambiri, zolemba komanso ziwonetsero, zomwe sizinathetse mwayi wawo wowunikiranso. Koma koposa zonse, kupanga zithunzi zomwe ziyenera kuwonedwa ndikusangalala motero. Mu 1979 Carlos Vidali adapereka zoyipa 86 za wojambulayo ku National Institute of Anthropology and History m'dzina la abambo ake, Vittorio Vidali. Zosonkhanitsa zofunika izi zidaphatikizidwa mu INAH National Photo Library ku Pachuca, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kumene, komwe imasungidwa ngati gawo lazithunzi zadziko. Mwanjira imeneyi, gawo lofunikira pazithunzi zomwe wojambulayo adatsalira ku Mexico, zomwe zitha kuwonedwa m'ndandanda yamakompyuta yomwe bungweli lakhala likupanga.
artDiego Riveraextranjeros en méxicophotografasfridahistory of photography in mexicointelectuales mexicoorozcotina modottiRosa Casanova
