Akasupe, nyanja ndi madamu ndi pothawirapo kakombo ka madzi, omwe amalowa, mosasunthika, malo osiyanasiyana ndipo komabe amabisa mikhalidwe yomwe ambiri samayembekezera.
Akasupe, nyanja ndi madamu ndi pothawirapo kakombo kakang'ono kamadzi, kamene kamalowa, mosasunthika, malo osiyanasiyana ndipo komabe kumabisa makhalidwe omwe ambiri samayembekezera.
Mu ma rosettes oyandama adadutsa malire ndikuyendera mitsinje, akasupe ndi madamu kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Amazon kupita ku North America, ndipo mosatopa adadziwa njira zina, poyandikira mafunde aku China, Lapp ndi Africa. Masiku ano, Mtsinje wa ku Africa waku Africa komanso malo ena achihindu amakupatsaninso malo ogona. Mwinanso bakha wina amene amangoyenda osalankhula anaponya mbewu zake mumtsinje woiwalika. Mwina mkuntho udasokoneza njira yake kapena winawake, atachita chidwi ndi "chigwa" chodabwitsa cham'madzi, adanyamula ndikubzala, mosadziwa, munyanja yaying'ono. Chowonadi ndichakuti nyengo yotentha kapena yotentha imakonda moyo wa maluwa ofiira ofiira, bakha, supuni ya tiyi, huakinto kapena kakombo wamadzi, ndipo otentha amalimbikitsanso chimodzimodzi kapena chachikulu.
“ZIDANDAWA” ZATSOPANO ZINAKULA KWAMBIRI
Zonsezi zinayamba ndi malo obiriwira obiriwira omwe amapita patsogolo. Amayandikira m'mbali mwa mabanki, kusisita mabogi, ndipo nthawi zina amavala ndolo zokhala ndi masamba atatu obiriwira okhala ndi zisonga. Anthu akumeneko adamuyang'ana modabwa. Mphepo ikamachepetsa kuthamanga kwake, pamphalapopo pamakhala zopanda chiyembekezo komanso zoyembekezera. Koma mphepoyo itayambanso kupuma, mafunde ake anali othamanga kwambiri.
Kuchokera patali, chimawoneka ngati munda wamaluwa, wowala pansi pa dzuŵa komanso chosangalatsa kwa burashi ndi chinsalu cha akatswiri ena. Pamene kunyezimira kudafikira kuwunikira madzi, mithunzi yofalikira idavala zomwe zimawoneka ngati nsalu.
Pakapita masiku, chovalacho chidayamba kulowa; inali ikufulumira kulowa m'mbali mwa dziwe. Kenako kudabwitsidwa kunasokonekera. Nkhaniyi inafalikira: chigwa cha kakombo wamadzi chinali kukonzekera kuwukira kwake. Makonde opapatiza amapangidwa pakati pa mitengo ya m'mbali mwa mtsinje, ndipo m'kupita kwa nthawi inayamba kuyenda.
Oyandikana nawo adasiya kuwedza; tangle yachilendo, yoyamikiridwa koyambirira, idasokoneza ntchito yake. Oponya mokhulupirika adawona zotchinga zazikulu zomwe zimaphimba nyama yawo. Masabata adadutsa ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwakukula kwam'madzi am'nyanjayi kunayamba kuchepa; pambuyo pake amapeza yankho kuzinga kozizwitsa.
Poyamba atakopeka ndi nyanjayi, anthu omwe amabwera kudzawaona nthawi zonse, amasiya kuyenda kwawo Lamlungu kukafunafuna malo ena opumulirako. Masitolo ang'onoang'ono oyandikana nawo adatseka zitseko zawo zosavuta, ndipo moni wakunja adamwalira. Kudutsa kwa mitsinje kudayimitsa njira yawo. Zipata za chomera chopangira magetsi zidatchinjidwa ndi "tamanda" 'ndipo zomwezo zidachitika pakamwa pa ngalande zothirira: ma network adadzaza. Ndipo mikono yobiriwira idafikiranso, pakuzingidwa kwawo, mpaka kuzitsulo za mlatho wakale wamatabwa, kuwachepetsa mpaka kuwagonjetsa.
Kudabwa ndi kusokonezeka kunasanduka mantha ndipo kenako mantha. Kusakhazikika kunakula. Chilichonse chimawoneka kuti chikuwonetsa kuti madzi osaya anali kuyendetsa kuchulukitsa kwa ma roseti oyandama, omwe amapeza m'madzi akuda munda wachonde kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo. M'nyengo yozizira komanso yam'masika, chigwa chophwanyikacho chidasokoneza ulendo wawo, chikuwopsezedwa - monga ankakhulupirira - ndi kutentha pang'ono komanso kuchepa kwa mvula. Koma m'chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira mayendedwe ake anali osalamulirika; Mitengo ya kakombo imatha kufikira 60 cm.
NKHONDO YA KUTHA KUTHA
Kufalikira kwa mabanki akuda komanso opindika kunafunikira yankho mwachangu. Apa anayamba kuyesetsa kuti awonongeke, popeza Chigwa chidakhala mliri wofalikira paliponse. Amunawo adakonza ndikuyamba kutulutsa kwawo, ndi dzanja lokhazikika, ndi zida zosavuta, popanda luso lililonse. Pokhumudwitsidwa, adawona kuti zopindulirazo zinali zochepa ndikuti, mosadziwa, anali kukonda kuwonjezeka kwa kakombo, chifukwa potsegula kukula kwake kunapindulitsa kuchulukana kwawo. Atadabwitsidwanso, adazindikira kuti mizu imatha kufikira pakati pa 10 cm ndi kupitirira mita imodzi kutalika.
Zachidziwikire kuti ntchitoyi inali yovuta kwambiri. Adapempha thandizo ndipo adalandira mgwirizano wa akatswiri ena, omwe adalonjeza kuti athetsa mliriwu. Odula, odulira, zokutira pansi komanso mabwato adafika okonzeka kukolola kakombo. Ndipo ntchito yotentha idayamba. Alendo akuti, m'malo ena, adakwanitsa kutulutsa matani oposa 200 pogwiritsa ntchito opunthira. Koma ngakhale adapeza zotsatira zolimbikitsa, adalephera kuthetsa mliriwo. Makina adang'amba namsongoleyo, ndikuwadula, kenako thalakitala ina inali ndi udindo wokokera kumtunda. Koma panalibe kuyankhula zakutha.
Masabata adadutsa ndipo mliriwo ukukulirakulira, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kudachepa, oyandikana nawo adakhala ndi chiyembekezo chowonjezeka chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ntchito. Atakhumudwa, adawona momwe nsomba zidachepetsedwera. Ndi izi, sanangotaya nsomba zokoma komanso zopindulitsa, komanso kupezeka kwa nyama zoyamikirika zapamadzi. Katswiri anawapatsa yankho: kakomboyo ndiwovulaza nyama, chifukwa amatenga mpweya wambiri m'madzi - malamulo am'madzi a hyacinth akuwulula kuti amapitilira 90% yamadzi amtengo wapatali - ndipo amasintha chithunzi cha zachilengedwe, kuwonjezera pakulepheretsa kukula kwa plankton, potero kumachepetsa chakudya cha nsomba.
Atatopa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamanja ndi zamakina, adayenera kubzala carp wanjala, yemwe mbale yake ndima algae, koma omwe amakonda kakombo momwemonso. Manatee, okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico nawonso anabalalika. Nyamazi zimadya nyama zam'madzi, zoyandama kapena zotuluka mosiyanasiyana, koma sizipirira kutentha pang'ono ndipo nthawi zina sizingafalikire. Carp ndi manatee amapunthwa chifukwa cha zovuta zazomera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyenda kwawo kukhale kovuta. Ena ndi ena, osadziwa, adawonjezera zomwe akuchita motsutsana ndi chigwa chodabwitsa, koma kuyesaku sikunapereke zotsatira zomwe akuyembekezeredwa.
Pomaliza, panalibenso kuchitira mwina koma kulowa m'munda wa mankhwala akupha. Kuyeserera kunawonetsa, kwina, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zopanda pake (monga arsenic oxide kapena mkuwa sulphate), zomwe zidasamutsidwa ndi zinthu zawo zapoizoni komanso zowononga. Ichi ndichifukwa chake adaganiza zoyeserera kuthana ndi mankhwala a herbicide, kupopera ndi mapampu oyendetsa mota kapena owaza dzanja.
Ndalama zamtengo wapatali zinagwera pa 2-4D, chinthu chopangidwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe amine kapena ester. Akatswiri ati pompopompo adawonetsedwa kuti alibe vuto lililonse ndi nyama zam'madzi komanso masamba opapatiza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kumenyera masamba omwe ali ndi masamba ngati maluwa. Pambuyo pa utsi woyamba, herbicide inagwira ntchito yake: idafota ndikupha udzu wina wovuta; patatha milungu iwiri, chipwirikiti chamadzi chidayamba kumira.
Akatswiri ena anachenjeza kuti kuwerengera kolakwika kwa mlingowo, komanso kusokonekera kwa mankhwalawo, kukadakhala kosangalatsa kuchulukitsa kwa kakombo mosangalatsa. Ndipo adaonjezeranso kuti, kutengera mawonekedwe a dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, mwina opopera atatu angafunike mchaka.
Potero ndikuwononga mawindo oyandama, koma padakali ntchito yambiri. Awa anali njira zoyamba zokhazokha, ndipo zotulukapo zomwe zingakhalepo pazachilengedwe makamaka sizikudziwika.
Akatswiriwa adalangiza kuti apitilize kuphatikiza njira zamanja, njira zamakina komanso kusodza kwa nsomba zowononga, ndipo adati asateteze dongosolo lachilengedwe; ndiye kuti, mphepo ndi mafunde omwe amakoka timiyala ta kakombo nawo kumitengo ina yomwe pamapeto pake imadutsa munyanja, pogwiritsa ntchito, thandizo la oyandikana nawo kuti ayende ulendo wawo popanda zopinga.
NTHAWI YINA YA MALO
Mapiri a hyacinth amadzi adasonkhana m'mbali mwa dziwe. Malowo anali osiyana bwanji, ovulala komanso owonongeka. Kuwonongeka kwa nyama zam'madzi kunaperekedwabe ngati funso. Kakombo anayamba kusanduka wachikasu ndi wouma, kukhala wotanuka koma wopepuka.
Anansi ena adaganiza zosakanikirana ndi dziko lapansi. Mwina atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kompositi. Koma anali kukumana ndi kuthekera kosunga chinyezi chofunikira osawonjezera feteleza wina m'miyala ya kakombo. Ena adasankha kusintha "mabedi" a ng'ombe, ndikusintha udzu m'malo mwa chipwirikiti chamadzi. Panali ena omwe adawonetsa kuti zitha kutero. cholowa m'malo mwa nyemba, pozindikira kuti imadyetsedwa bwino ndi ng'ombe ngati ufa, wothira molasses, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chisangalalo china ndi kapangidwe kake. Popita nthawi adazindikira kuti kakombo sakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, koma ali ndi chlorophyll yambiri, yomwe imayenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi udzu wouma; Chilichonse chimasonyeza kuti chimatha kukhala chakudya chabwino.
Akatswiriwo anena zakusintha komwe kungachitike. za udzu, potulutsa mafuta, ndi gasi wamafuta ochepa a caloric ndipo adatsimikizira kuti ndi phulusa lamankhwala limatha kupezeka. Koma adachenjezanso kuti popeza kuyanika kwa chomeracho ndiokwera mtengo, kuwonjezera pochedwa kuyenda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe ali nawo, sizinali zotheka kulimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu pamsika wamafakitale. Ponena za ulusi wa kakombo, akatswiriwo adawonjezeranso kuti ali ndi hemicellulose, ndichifukwa chake sioyenera kupanga pepala, koma atha kuwawona ngati zida zopangira selulosi.
Tsiku ndi tsiku stolons zimachulukana, kupatukana ndi mayi chomera ndikuchuluka m'malo ena. Madamu a Valsequillo, Endho, Solís, Tuxpango, Nezahualcóyotl, Sanalona, nyanja za Chapala, Pátzcuaro, Cajititlán ndi Catemaco, madambo a Grijalva ndi Usumacinta, ndi ena mwa malo omwe mliriwu umafalikira mpaka utakhala "chigwa". M'miyezi inayi, mbewu ziwiri zimatha kupanga kalipeti 9 mita, yomwe nthawi zina imakongoletsedwa ndi utoto kwa maola 24: Umu ndi momwe moyo wamaluwa ake umakhalira, womwe kufooka kwake kumasiyana ndi kulimbikira kwa kakombo. Mliri womwe, komabe, tsopano ungathe kulipira chifukwa chowononga ndipo, monga kwatsimikiziridwa, kuthana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zikuyimira, kuti zithandizire.
Gwero: Mexico Yosadziwika No. 75 / February 1983
