Chilumba cha Guadalupe ndi chimodzi mwazitali kwambiri m'chigawo cha Mexico. Miyala ikuluikulu yamapiri yamipikisano yamitundu yosiyana yomwe yamwazikana m'gawo lake lonse, ikuwonetsa komwe idatuluka.
M'zaka zapitazi, chilumbachi chidachezeredwa ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe pakuwona nkhalango zazikulu ndi nkhungu, mitundu yambiri ya mbalame komanso kuchuluka kwa malo ake adazipatsa dzina loti "paradiso wachilengedwe".
MALO A PIRATES NDI Whale
Guadalupe anali pothawirapo anthu ofufuza malo komanso achifwamba omwe amaigwiritsa ntchito ngati malo opezera madzi ndi nyama pamaulendo awo ataliatali. Inalinso malo ofunikira opha mahatchi, omwe amakhala pamenepo mpaka kalekale kuti athe kuwona zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja yomwe inali yambiri pamalopo. Pakadali pano, pali zotsalira za alendowo komanso okhala pachilumbachi, popeza kugombe lakummawa kuli zotsalira za amwenye a Aleut omwe adabwera ndi zombo zaku Russia kuti agwiritse ntchito nyama zomwe zatchulidwazi. Mofananamo, pachilumbachi pali thanthwe pomwe mayina a akazembe ndi zombo zomwe zidapita kudalako adalembedwa; ndipo pomwe pali nthano zoyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.
FLORA YA GUADALUPE PANGOZI YOFUNIKA KUSINTHA
Chifukwa cha momwe zilili pachilumbachi, nyengo imakhala yozizira ndipo nyengo yamvula imafika nthawi yozizira. Ndipo ndipamene m'zigwa mbewu za zitsamba ndi zomera zimamera m'malo ang'onoang'ono otsala ndi miyala.
Zaka zopitilira zana zapitazo panali nkhalango zazitali kwambiri pakati pa mapiri akumwera, zomwe zidafikira kuzigwa izi ndipo mwa zina mwa izo munali mitundu yapadera padziko lapansi monga juniper wa Guadalupe, yemwe mtundu wake womaliza udamwalira mu 1983.
Pakadali pano, mitundu ingapo yazomera yomwe idapanga nkhalangoyi idazimiririka ndipo zigwa za pachilumbachi zasanduka zigwa zambiri zaku zitsamba zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi anthu omwe achotsa zomera zoyambirira, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala mitundu zoweta, zolimbirana mwamphamvu, zomwe zimatha kutenga malo amtundu wawo. Ichi ndi chitsanzo china chowonongera zochita za munthu.
Ngati kuyambitsidwa kwa mbeu kuli ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri, makamaka za nyama zodyetsa, monga zawonetsedwa ku Australia ndikuphatikiza akalulu ndi nyama zake. Ndipo monga momwe ziliri ku kontinentiyo, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, sitima zapamadzi zochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana zidatulutsa mbuzi zingapo pachilumba cha Guadalupe kuti zisunge nyama yatsopano. Potengera momwe zilili pachilumbachi, komanso momwe kulibe wolanda nyama, Chiwerengero cha mbuzi chinawonjezeka ndipo munthawi yochepa nyama zonyamulidwa mdera laling'onoli zidaposa. Kukula kwa zida zowotchera kumeneku kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kwakuti koyambirira kwa 1860 kuthekera kozigwiritsa ntchito ngati malonda kumaganiziridwa.
Chifukwa cha zodabwitsazi, Guadalupe wataya theka la mitundu yovulaza; Ndipo monga zomera zonse pachilumbachi, nkhalango sinapulumuke chifukwa cha mbuzi. Kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi kudakhala malo okwana 10,000 ha ndipo lero kuonjezera kwake sikupitilira 393 ha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti lero kuli malo ochepera 4% a nkhalango yoyambirira.
Mitundu ina yazomera pachilumbachi ndi yokhazikika, ndiye kuti, sikupezeka kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, monga mitengo ya thundu, kanjedza ndi cypress ya Guadeloupe. Mwa mbewu zomwe zatchulidwazi, mosakayikira thundu la Guadalupe ndiye lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotha, popeza pali mitundu 40 yakale kwambiri yomwe yambiri sinaberekenso. Mgwalangwa umapezeka pamagulu ang'onoang'ono komanso osauka kwambiri, chifukwa mbuzi zimagwiritsa ntchito mitengoyo kuti zizikande, zomwe zapangitsa kuti thallus ikhale yopepuka komanso yofooka chifukwa cha mphepo. Nkhalango ya Guadalupe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, popeza kwa zaka zopitilira 50 mtengo watsopano sunabadwe chifukwa umatenga nthawi yayitali kuti mbewuzo iphukire kuposa mbuzi kuti udye.
Lipoti laposachedwa kuchokera pachilumbachi ndilosauka: mwa mitundu 168 yazomera zachilengedwe, pafupifupi 26 sizinawoneke kuyambira 1900, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke. Mwa zotsalazo, ndi zitsanzo zochepa zokha zomwe zidawoneka chifukwa zimapezeka m'malo osafikira mbuzi kapena pazilumba zoyandikana ndi Guadalupe.
MBEWU ZA CHILUMBA, NYIMBO YOSOKONZEKA
Kuperewera kwa mitengo m'nkhalango kwakakamiza mitundu ina ya mbalame kuti izikhala pansi, momwe zimatha kugwidwa ndi amphaka ochuluka omwe amakhala kuthengo. Amadziwika kuti amphakawa awononga mitundu yosachepera isanu ya mbalame pachilumbachi, ndipo tsopano ku Guadeloupe kapena kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi sititha kupeza caracara, petrel ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame zomwe zakhala zikutha chaka ndi chaka kuchokera ku paradiso wothandizidwa pachilumbachi.
NYAMA ZOKHA ZOKHALITSA PA CHILUMBA
M'nyengo yozizira, magombe amchenga ndi miyala amadzazidwa ndi nyama zoyamwitsa kwambiri pachilumbachi: chisindikizo cha njovu. Nyama iyi imachokera kuzilumba za California ku United States kuti iziberekana pachilumba ichi ku Mexico Pacific.
M'zaka zapitazi, nyama zikuluzikuluzi zidazunzidwa ndi asodzi, ndipo kuphedwa kwawo kunali kwakuti mu 1869 amalingaliridwa kuti atha, koma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 mitundu ina yamtunduwu idapezeka pachilumbachi, popeza idakhala ku Guadeloupe komwe kuchuluka kwa chisindikizo cha njovu kwachira. Masiku ano nyama izi zimawoneka pafupipafupi pazilumba zambiri ku North Pacific ndi Mexico.
Chuma china chosawerengeka pachilumbachi ndi chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Guadalupe, chomwe amakhulupirira kuti chatha chifukwa cha opha anthu ambiri omwe adapangidwa mzaka zapitazi chifukwa chamalonda ake. Pakadali pano, motetezedwa ndi boma la Mexico, zamoyozi zikuchira.
ZOKHUDZANA ZINA MOKONZETSA KUTETEZA CHILUMBA
Kuphatikiza pa kukhala ndi chuma chambiri, Chilumba cha Guadalupe ndichofunika kwambiri pandale komanso pachuma. Ndipo popeza kuti chilumbachi chimalamulira pachilumba makamaka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito, mu 1864 boma la Mexico lidatumiza gulu lankhondo kuti litetezeke ku mayiko akunja. Pakadali pano, malo osungira asitikali amayang'anira magulu asanu oyenda pansi omwe agawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana pachilumbachi, ndipo ulamuliro wake umatsimikizidwanso ndikupezeka kwa asodzi omwe adzipereka kugwira nkhanu ndi nkhono, zomwe zili ndi zabwino kufunika kunja.
Kuphatikiza pa kukhala labotale yachilengedwe, pokhala mtunda wa makilomita 140 kuchokera pagombe la Baja California, chilumbachi chimapitilira ma 299 mamailosi kuphatikiza gawo lathu lachuma, ndipo izi zimalola Mexico kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuti ifufuze ndikufufuza zopezeka panyanja mderali.
Ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, tiyenera kungoganiza kuti chilumbachi ndi gawo la cholowa chathu chachilengedwe. Ngati tiwononga, kutayika sikuli kwa anthu aku Mexico okha, komanso kwa anthu onse. Ngati titachitapo kanthu, itha kukhalanso "paradiso wachilengedwe" yemwe akatswiri azachilengedwe am'zaka zapitazi adapeza.
Source: Wosadziwika Mexico No. 210 / Ogasiti 1994
