Ayutla, ngakhale ali ndi nthawi, amasunga miyambo ya ku Spain isanachitike chifukwa chodzipatula komwe kunali malo ake olimba. Wozunguliridwa ndi mapiri, pakati pa chifunga chachikulu ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino, ndi Ayutla, tawuni ya Mixe komwe phwando la akufa limakondwerera mwanjira yapadera kwambiri.
Pakati pa zigwa zakuya zopangidwa ndi mfundo ya Zempoaltepetl kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa boma la Oaxaca, khalani a mtundu wa Mixes, mtundu womwe ntchito zawo ndi miyambo yawo zakhazikika kwambiri pachikhalidwe chakuya kwambiri. Kupatula zochepa, anthu a Mixe amakhala pamapiri otsetsereka komanso ataliatali okwera pamwamba pamadzi omwe amasintha pakati pa 1,400 ndi 3,000 m. Madera ndi mitsinje yothamanga imapangitsa kulumikizana kukhala kovuta m'chigawochi, chomwe chili ndimatauni 17 ndi anthu 108, ofunikira kwambiri ndi Cotzocón, Guichicovi, Mazatlán, Mixistlán, Tamazulapan, Tlahuitoltepec, San Pedro ndi San Pablo Ayutla ndi Totontepec.
Ulendo woyamba waku Spain wopita kudera la Mixe udachitika ndi a Gonzalo de Sandoval mu 1522, ndipo pambuyo pake malowa anali malo owukira motsatizana, chimodzi mwazomwe zidatsogolera ku chitaganya cha anthu onse amderali: Mixes, Zoques, Chinantecs ndi Zapotecs.
Cha m'ma 1527 amwenyewa adagonjetsedwa ndi a Spain pambuyo pa nkhondo zamagazi, ndipo izi zidakhala chiyambi chaulamuliro wawo mdera la Mixe. Komabe, amishonalewo anali opambana kuposa asirikali ndipo cha m'ma 1548 adayamba ntchito yawo yolalikira. M'zaka zonse za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, dera la Oaxaca ku Dominican lidakwanitsa kupeza anthu anayi mderali, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazo mpingo ndi chikhristu zidakwaniritsidwa.
Munthawi yonse ya Colony mpaka zaka za zana la 19, mwina chifukwa chachuma chochepa komanso kufikirika, gawo la a Mixe silidaganiziridwe ndi omwe adagonjetsa ndipo silinadziwenso za magulu ofunikira kwambiri, ndipo sizinachitike mpaka Kusintha kwa 1910 pomwe kulimbana ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ku Oaxaca kumatenga nawo gawo pazandale zadziko.
M'masiku athu ano mtundu wamtunduwu ukumizidwa m'mavuto adzikoli, makamaka m'boma la Oaxaca. Kusamuka posaka njira zina zachuma ndikofunikira ndipo kusiya malo achitukuko ndichinthu chofala kwambiri kwakuti midzi ina imasiyidwa pomwe nzika zawo zimasamukira kwakanthawi.
Osakanikirana a malo ozizira amalima makamaka chimanga ndi nyemba m'malo awo amphepo; M'madera ena okhala ndi nyengo yapakati kapena yotentha, amabzalanso chili, phwetekere, dzungu ndi mbatata; komabe, chifukwa chovuta kugulitsa zinthuzi, magawidwe ake amakhalabe m'manja mwa otetezera. Malinga ndi malingaliro azachuma, mbewu zofunika kwambiri mtawuniyi ndi khofi, zomwe zimawapatsa ndalama zambiri, ndi barbasco, chomera chamtchire chomwe chimakula mochuluka ndikugulitsidwa ku makampani opanga mankhwala kuti apange mahomoni.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pakati pa ma Mixes palinso gulu lachipembedzo likhalidwe lozikidwa pamakina onyamula katundu omwe amayamba ndi topil mpaka kufikira chofunikira kwambiri: mayordomo. Mtengo wokwera wokhala ndi maudindo ena umangovomereza kuti azigwira ntchito chaka chimodzi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zisankho zimakhala zitatu. Maudindo andale monga topiles, apolisi, ma vara majors, majors, wamkulu, regidor de vara, trastii, purezidenti ndi meya, akuphatikizidwa ndi zachipembedzo, kukhala chofunikira pakukwera andale kuti achite mwakhama makwerero.
Komabe, izi zasintha mzaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa magulu Achiprotestanti omwe asokoneza zochitika ndi miyambo ya miyambo ndi Chikatolika. Momwemonso, zochitika zandale zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zipani zosiyanasiyana, zomwe tsopano zimakhazikitsa maudindo pagulu.
Alfonso Villa Rojas adati mu 1956 kuti potengera momwe ma Mixes adakhalako kwazaka mazana ambiri, momwe amagwiritsira ntchito, miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro zawo ndizodzaza ndi omwe adapulumuka ku Spain. Kupembedza milungu yawo kumalimbikirabe: milungu ya mphepo, mvula, mphezi ndi dziko lapansi zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri m'mapemphero ndi miyambo yomwe amachita m'malo opatulika monga mapanga, mapiri, akasupe ndi miyala yamapangidwe apadera, Amawonedwa ngati ziwonetsero za mulungu wina, kapena kukhalamo komweko.
Nthawi zopangira miyambo ndi miyambo ndizambiri, koma chidwi cha achipembedzo cha a Mixes chimakhala chochita chidwi ndi zochitika zomwe zimayambira pakukhala kwa moyo, zomwe zimachitika kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kufa, komanso zomwe zimalumikizana ndi zozungulira. zaulimi. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti gulu la ochepa ku Mexico omwe amasungabe kalendala yamaphunziro yopangidwa ndi masiku 260 okhala ndi miyezi ya masiku 13 ndipo asanu akuwonedwa kuti ndiwowopsa, omwe chidziwitso ndi kasamalidwe kake kali m'manja mwa akatswiri, olosera ndi "maloya."
NYIMBO
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pachikhalidwe cha Mixe ndimaganizo ake anyimbo; pakuimba nyimbo zachikhalidwe komanso zama mestizo, mamembala a magulu a Mixe amafotokoza malingaliro onse amtundu wawo.
Kuyambira nthawi za ku Spain zisanachitike, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowombelera ndi mphepo zinali zachikhalidwe pakati pa Akasakaniza. Ma codices, ziwiya zadothi, zojambulajambula ndi zolemba zimatiuza zamtundu wa zida zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo zimadziwika kuti zimakwaniritsa ntchito zachipembedzo, zaboma komanso zankhondo. Komabe, nyimbo zidavutikanso ndi Kugonjetsedwa, ndipo zida zatsopano monga malipenga, ng'oma ndi zisanu, azeze ndi vihuelas zidaphatikizidwa ndi chirimías, huéhuetl, nkhono ndi teponaztlis zomwe zimatulutsa mawu atsopano.
Oaxaca amagawana mbiri yayitali yaku Mexico konse, ndipo Oaxaqueños ndi anthu okonda nyimbo omwe apanga nyimbo zabwino kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyana mu nyimbo zachilengedwe zadziko lino ndizazikulu; Ndikokwanira kukumbukira kulemera kwa mitu, masitaelo ndi mayimbidwe omwe amavina ku Guelaguetza.
Anali Porfirio Díaz yemwe adasamalira kupanga magulu abwino kwambiri mdziko lakwawo, ndipo adalamulira a Macedonio Alcalá -mlembi wa waltzDios samwalira, nyimbo ya Oaxacan mwa njira-, kuwongolera kwa Conservatory ndi malangizo pagulu. Magulu achilengedwe kenako adakwanitsa kukongola kwambiri ndipo amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri mdera la Oaxaca, Morelos ndi Michoacán.
Nyimbo zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakati pa osakanikirana; Pali matauni mdera lomwe ana amaphunzirira kaye kuwerenga nyimbo kuposa mawu. Mwa ena mwa iwo, gulu lonse limathandizira kuti gululi likhale labwino kwambiri m'chigawochi, koma popeza chuma chimasowa kwambiri, sizotheka nthawi zonse kukhala ndi zida zatsopano kapena kukonza zomwe zilipo kale. Chifukwa chake, si zachilendo kuwona zida zokonzedwa ndi zingwe zama raba, zidutswa zamatabwa, ulusi, zigamba zama tayala ndi njinga zina.
Zolemba za magulu osakanikirana ndizotakata kwambiri ndipo gawo lalikulu limapangidwa ndimayimbidwe monga sones, syrups ndi nyimbo zochokera kumadera ena mdzikolo, ngakhale amachita ntchito zamaphunziro monga waltzes, polkas, mazurcas, magawo awiri, zidutswa za ma opera, zarzuelas ndi zowonjezera. Pakadali pano, pali Achichepere angapo omwe akuphunzira ku Conservatory ya Mexico City omwe ali ndi kuthekera kosadziwika.
CHIKWANGWANI CHA AKUFA
Makulidwe amoyo amathera ndiimfa ndipo a Mixes amawona kuti chomalizirachi ndi gawo limodzi lokhalapo, chifukwa chake miyambo ina iyenera kuchitidwa. Imfa imachitika, pamalo pomwe panali achibale a womwalirayo, amapanga mtanda phulusa pansi womwe amawaza ndi madzi oyera ndipo umakhala komweko masiku angapo. Wakes amayatsidwa ndi makandulo, chifukwa amaganiza kuti kuwala kwawo kumathandiza mizimu kupeza njira yawo; Amapemphedwa usiku wonse ndipo khofi, mezcal ndi ndudu zimaperekedwa kwa omwe amabwera. Imfa ya mwana ndiyosangalatsa ndipo m'matawuni ena amavina usiku wonse akuganiza kuti mzimu wawo wapita kumwamba.
Pamene mwezi wa Novembala ukuyandikira, kukonzekera kuyamba koperekera zopereka zomwe a Mixes amapembedzera makolo awo, kuwasangalatsa ndikuyembekezera kugawana nawo zipatso zokolola ndikugwira ntchito. Mwambo uwu womwe umabwerezedwa pachaka, umapachikidwa ndi kununkhira kwakale, ndipo mderali uli ndi mawonekedwe apadera.
Mu nkhungu yakuda yamapiri, m'mawa ozizira kumapeto kwa Okutobala, azimayi amathamangira kupita kumsika kukagula zonse zomwe akufuna kuti apereke: ma marigolds achikaso ndi atsopano, dzanja lamphamvu la mkango, makandulo ndi makandulo a sera ndi tallow, copal onunkhira, malalanje, maapulo okoma ndi magwafa onunkhira, ndudu ndi fodya wamasamba.
Pakapita nthawi muyenera kudyetsa chimanga, konzani mtanda wa tamales, kuyitanitsa mkate, kusankha zithunzi, kutsuka nsalu zapatebulo ndikusintha malo, abwino kukhala tebulo lalikulu mchipinda chofunikira kwambiri mnyumbamo. Oimba nawonso akukonzekera; Chida chilichonse chimalemekezedwa, chimatsukidwa komanso kupukutidwa kuti chisangalalo paphwandopo, chifukwa cholembedwa chilichonse chachibale chimabwezeretsedwanso ndipo maziko a ubale wamoyo ndi akufa amakhazikitsidwa.
Pa Okutobala 31, guwa lansembe lapa banja liyenera kukhala likukongoletsa maluwa ndi makandulo, onunkhira koperapo komanso chakudya, zakumwa, zipatso ndi zinthu zomwe zinali zokoma kwa okhulupirika omwe adachoka. Mkatewo uyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera, wokongoletsedwa ndi maluwa a shuga m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nkhope za angelo zopangidwa ndi aniline ndi pakamwa utoto wofiyira kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a geometric momwe malingaliro onse ophika buledi amafotokozedwera. Usiku uno ndi wokumbukira; kung'ung'uza kwamakala komwe wowotcha adawotchera kumasokoneza mtendere.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ma Mixes ndi amodzi mwamagulu ochepa omwe amasungabe kalendala yamaphunziro yomwe imakhala ndi masiku 260, miyezi ya masiku 13 ndipo asanu amaonedwa kuti ndiwowopsa.
Ngakhale m'masiku athu ano mtundu wa a Mixe walowerera m'mavuto ambiri mdzikolo, umasungabe miyambo yambiri yamakolo awo isadutse.
Pa tsiku loyamba la Novembala, anthu amapita kumisewu kukafunafuna abale awo, oyitanidwa amapemphedwa ndipo amapatsidwa msuzi wokometsera nkhuku kuti athane ndi kuzizira, komanso tamales, tepache ndi mezcal. Zikumbukiro, madandaulo, nthabwala zimapangidwa za abale awo omwe adamwalira, ndipo mwina wachibale wawo angamve chisoni ndikunena kuti: "moyo wake ndiwovuta kubwera kuphwandoli chifukwa adakhala kuti azisamalira nyumba yake ku elmucu amm (dzina lomwe a Mixes adapatsa kupita ku gehena), kumusi uko pakati pa dziko lapansi. Ndemanga iyi ikuwonetsera lingaliro la dziko lapansi, malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi gululi: amakhalabe malo okhala pansi pakati pa dziko lapansi monga zidachitidwira kale ku Spain.
Pa Tsiku la Oyera Mtima Onse, ma tamales, nyama zachikasu, nsomba, makoswe, mbira ndi nkhono zili zokonzeka; miphika itatu kapena inayi ya malita 80 a tepache; Chitini chimodzi kapena ziwiri za mezcal, mapaketi ambiri a ndudu ndi fodya wamasamba. Phwandoli litenga masiku asanu ndi atatu ndipo magulu akukonzekera kusewera nyimbo zomwe asankhidwa ndi abale amtchalitchi komanso mukulambira.
Kuyeretsa manda ndikuwakongoletsa ndi ntchito yopatulika; mawonekedwe amderali amabwereketsa kudzipereka: nkhungu imafalikira mtawuniyi pomwe woyimba yekhayo amayimba lipenga panjira yomwe yangoyenda kumene. Kutchalitchichi gululi limasewera mosalekeza pomwe kuli gulu la anthu kuli zochitika zambiri: imvi za manda ndi nthaka youma zimayamba kusanduka zachikaso chowala maluwa ndipo manda amakongoletsedwa ndikulola kuti malingaliro azitha mwamphamvu kuti apange malo oyenera anthu akufa.
Ana amatsanzira, amasewera m'magulu a ana, amatenga nawo miyambo yakale ndikuyamba kuphunzira popita kunyumba ndi nyumba akudya zoperekazo: maphikidwe amakolo okonzedwa ndi manja aluso a amayi awo ndi agogo awo, osamalira miyambo, obereketsa chikhalidwe, manja achilengedwe omwe chaka ndi chaka amapereka ndi kusangalatsa akufa awo.
