Ndizodabwitsa kuti asayansi amadziwa bwino kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi zomwe zili mumlalang'ambawu kuposa mitundu ya padziko lapansi.
Mitundu yaposachedwa imasinthasintha pakati pa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri mpaka 20 miliyoni, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu, ngakhale itha kufikira 80 miliyoni, iliyonse imakhala ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakumidzi kwawo, komwe kumakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Komabe, pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ndi theka okha ndi omwe adasankhidwa ndikufotokozedwa; chifukwa chake, gawo lochepa kwambiri la onse lidatchulidwa. Magulu azinthu zamoyo, monga mabakiteriya, nyamakazi, mafangasi ndi ma nematode, sanaphunzirepo kwenikweni, pomwe mitundu yambiri yam'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja sichidziwika kwenikweni.
Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: a) kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu, komwe kumamveka ngati kusiyanasiyana kwa majini mkati mwa zamoyo; b) kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu, ndiye kuti, kusiyanasiyana komwe kulipo m'chigawo - nambala, ndiye kuti, "kulemera" kwake ndiyeso yomwe "imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri"; c) kusiyanasiyana kwa zachilengedwe, zomwe kuchuluka kwake ndi kugawa kwake kumatha kuwerengedwa m'magulu ndi mabungwe amitundu yonse. Kuphatikiza magawo onse azosiyanasiyana, ndikofunikira kuyankhula zakusiyanasiyana, zomwe zikuphatikiza mafuko amdziko lililonse, komanso zikhalidwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe.
Kuchepetsa KWA ZINYAMATA
Ndi zotsatira zachindunji zakukula kwa anthu, popeza zachilengedwe zambiri zasinthidwa kukhala machitidwe osauka, osapindulitsa kwambiri pazachuma komanso mwachilengedwe. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosayenera kwa zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza pakusokoneza magwiridwe antchito, kumatanthauzanso mtengo komanso kutayika kwa zamoyo.
Momwemonso, timadalira ndalama zathupi zathunthu. Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi mitundu yatipatsa chakudya, nkhuni, fiber, mphamvu, zopangira, mankhwala, mafakitale, ndi mankhwala.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90 mawu akuti mega-diversity adapangidwa, omwe amatanthauza mayiko omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zachilengedwe padziko lapansi, ndipo ngakhale mawuwo amapitilira kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zamoyo, Ndizolemba zomwe zikuyenera kukumbukiridwa, chifukwa mwa mayiko onse 17 okha akuphatikiza pakati pa 66 mpaka 75% kapena kupitilira apo pazachilengedwe, zokwanira 51 miliyoni 189 396 km2.
Chimodzi mwazikulu
Mexico ndi amodzi mwa mayiko asanu apamwamba mu megadiversity ndipo amakhala achisanu ndi chiwiri m'derali, ndi 1 miliyoni 972 544 km2. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimatanthauzira kusiyanasiyana uku ndi izi: komwe kuli madera awiri, Nearctic ndi Neotropical, chifukwa chake, timapeza mitundu yakumpoto ndi kumwera; nyengo zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira youma mpaka chinyezi, komanso kutentha kozizira kwambiri mpaka kutentha. Pomaliza, pali zojambulajambula, kuyambira m'malo athyathyathya mpaka zovuta kwambiri.
Mofananamo, pakadali pano Mexico ili pakati pa 10 ndi 12% ya mitundu yonse yazomera ndi nyama padziko lapansi, ili ndi mitundu 439 ya nyama, 705 ya zokwawa, 289 za amphibiya, 35 za nyama zam'madzi ndi 1061 za mbalame; koma oposa theka ali pangozi yakutha.
Ponena za nyama, pali zitsanzo kuchokera kudera la Nearctic, monga akamba am'chipululu, agulugufe okongola kwambiri, ma axolotls, atsekwe, timadontho, zimbalangondo, njati ndi nkhosa zazikulu. Kumbali inayi, pali zitsanzo za zinyama za Neotropical, monga iguana, nauyacas, macaws, kangaude ndi anyani akulira, malo owonera ndi ma tapir, pakati pa ena, pomwe mitundu monga hummingbirds, armadillos, opossums, ndi zina zidagawidwa m'malo onsewa.
Mosakayikira, nyama zam'madzi zili ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazachilengedwe, yomwe ili m'dera lokhala ndi zamoyo zambiri monga miyala yamchere yamchere ya Caribbean, yomwe kutsogolo kwake kumayambira kuposa 200 km, masiponji, jellyfish, shrimp, nkhaka zam'nyanja, urchins ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu yamitundu yambiri. Mitundu yopitilira 140 ndi 1,300 yama polychaetes kapena nyongolotsi zam'madzi zafotokozedwa ku Gulf of California.
Ngati titha kupititsa patsogolo masomphenya athu ndikuwona mdziko lonselo kuchokera kuzinthu zazing'ono kwambiri mpaka kumapiri owoneka bwino, mapiri ndi mapiri, mitsinje, madambo ndi nyanja, ndiye kuti, m'zinthu zonse zachilengedwe, Titha kutsimikizira kuti zonse zasungidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yazamoyo, ndipo ambiri aiwo adafika pamaso pa anthu. Komabe tawasuntha ndipo nthawi zambiri tidayambitsa kutayika.
Tizilombo tosaoneka ndi mafupa tomwe timakhala padziko lapansi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo nyamakazi imabweretsa ziwerengero, mitundu ya tizilombo monga kafadala, agulugufe, njuchi, agulugufe, nyerere ndi arachnids monga akangaude kapena zinkhanira.
Ku Mexico, kuli mitundu 1,589 ya njuchi, agulugufe 328, agulugufe opitilira 1,500 obisalira nthawi ndi usiku wina, komanso pali zikumbu zoposa 12,000 kapena akangaude 1,600, pomwe mitundu yoposa 2,122 yadziwika. nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi zamakontinenti, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi 10% yapadziko lonse lapansi, momwe mitundu 380 imagawidwira m'madzi oyera, makamaka m'mabotolo am'madzi ozizira, achinyezi komanso otentha.
Dzikoli lili ndi mitundu yoposa 290 ya amphibiya ndi 750 zokwawa, zomwe zikuyimira pafupifupi 10% ya zonse zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi. Caecilia, achule ndi achule amapanga gulu la amphibian, pomwe njoka zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi, monga miyala yamchere yamchere, nauyacas, rattlesnakes ndi matanthwe, kapena ma saurian monga abuluzi, iguana, nkhumba zazing'ono ndi okalamba, monga akamba, anyani, ng'ona ndipo ena amapanga gulu la zokwawa.
Pafupifupi 1,050 mwa mbalame 8,600 zomwe zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi zimadziwika, ndipo mwa mitundu yonse yaku Mexico ya 125 imapezeka. 70% ili m'malo otentha, makamaka m'maiko a Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche ndi Quintana Roo. Gulu lamitundu yosiyanasiyanali limatsimikizira kulemera kwakukulu kwa zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka mdzikolo, zomwe zinzake za ku Chiapas zimadziwika; nkhunda yamutu woyera yomwe imangopezeka pachilumba cha Cozumel ndi ina yapafupi; toucans, pelicans, cormorants, boobies ndi frigates, flamingo, heron, storks, etc. Izi zikuyimira mayina odziwika kwambiri mbalame omwe amapezeka mosavuta kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mexico.
KULANKHULA ZA KUMWERERE
Chiapas ili ndi mbalame monga quetzal ndi peacock yamanyanga, omwe malo awo achepetsedwa mpaka kufika pokhala okhaokha kumtunda kwa Sierra Madre. Mwa odyerawo, mitundu yopitilira 50 yama falconiform imanenedwa, monga akabawi, akabawi ndi ziwombankhanga, komanso ma strigiform 38, monga akadzidzi ndi akadzidzi, koma gulu lalikulu kwambiri limapangidwa ndi anthu odutsa, monga nkhono, akhwangwala ndi mpheta, pakati pa ena. ndiye kuti, 60% ya mitundu yomwe idanenedwa ku Mexico.
Pomaliza, zinyama ndizo zamoyo zomwe zimakula kwambiri komanso zimakopa chidwi ndi mbalame. Pali mitundu 452 yazinyama zapadziko lapansi, zomwe 33% ndizopezeka ndipo 50% yam'madzi, imagawidwa makamaka m'malo otentha. M'nkhalango ya Lacandon muli mitundu yambiri ya Chiapas, makamaka nyama.
Gulu lomwe limafalitsidwa kwambiri ndi makoswe, okhala ndi mitundu 220, yofanana ndi 50% yadziko lonse ndi 5% padziko lonse lapansi. Kwa mileme kapena mileme, mitundu 132 imanenedwa, gulu la nyama zomwe zimakhazikika kwambiri - kuyambira mazana ochepa mpaka mamiliyoni - m'mapanga ku Campeche, Coahuila kapena Sonora.
Zinyama zina zomwe zimapezeka mu Lacandon Jungle ndi artiodactyls: peccaries, nswala, pronghorn ndi bighorn nkhosa: gulu lomwe limapanga madera, ena okhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 50, monga ma peccaries oyera. Mofananamo, nthumwi yokha ya gulu la ma perissodactyls omwe adalengezedwa ku Mexico ndi ya tapir, nyama yayikulu kwambiri yam'malo otentha ku America yomwe imapezeka kumwera chakum'mawa, m'nkhalango za Campeche ndi Chiapas. Anthu a mtundu uwu akhoza kulemera kwa 300 kilogalamu.
Zina mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha mbiri yake komanso mizu yake mzikhalidwe zaku Mesoamerica chifukwa champhamvu yomwe imayimira ndi nyamayi. Monga ma puma ndi ma ocelots, mphalapala, nkhandwe, zimbalangondo, ma raccoons ndi mbira, pakati pa ena, ndi amtundu wa mitundu 35 ya nyama zodya nyama ku Mexico.
Anyani akalulu ndi anyani olira ndi mitundu iwiri ya anyani omwe amapezeka kuthengo m'nkhalango za! Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mexico. Amakhala ofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha Mayan, popeza kuyambira nthawi za pre-Columbian chisanagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Mbali inayi, nyama zakutchire-ankhandwe ndi ma dolphin-, pinnipeds - zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja- ndi sirenids -manate- ndi zitsanzo za mitundu 49 ya zinyama zomwe zimakhala mdzikolo, zomwe zikuyimira 40% ya omwe ali padziko lapansi.
Ichi ndi zitsanzo chabe cha chuma chachilengedwe ku Mexico, ndi zitsanzo za nyama zake. Kukhala ndi masomphenya athunthu kumafunikira zaka za chidziwitso komanso kafukufuku wambiri wasayansi, koma mwatsoka palibe nthawi yochulukirapo, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kuwononga mopitirira muyeso kwadzetsa kutha kwa zamoyo monga imvi chimbalangondo, njati, wolamulira mitengo kapena woyimba ku California, pakati pa ena.
Zimafunikira kukulitsa kuzindikira kuti tisonyeze kuchuluka kwathu kwachilengedwe, koma chifukwa cha umbuli ndi mphwayi tikuzitaya. Ku Mexico, komwe mungapeze zamoyo zambiri kuthengo kuli Malo Otetezedwa Achilengedwe, omwe mosakayikira ndi njira yabwino yosungira zachilengedwe. Komabe, tikufunikira mapulogalamu okwanira kuti tipeze chitukuko cha madera akumaloko, ndi cholinga chochepetsera kukakamizidwa kwa malo osungidwa.
Mpaka 2000, panali madera 89 omwe adalamulidwa omwe adangopitilira 5% ya madera amtunduwo, pomwe Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Madera Otetezera Zinyama Zam'madzi ndi Zamadzi ndi Zinyama, komanso Zikumbutso Zachilengedwe.
Pali mahekitala pafupifupi 10 miliyoni osungidwa. Kukhalapo kwake sikukutsimikizira kusungidwa koyenera kwa zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana kapena kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndikugwira ntchito ndi anthu amderalo, komanso kafukufuku wasayansi. Izi ndi zina mwazinthu zokhazikitsira dongosolo lachilengedwe loti lisamalire ngati tikufuna kusunga chuma chathu.
Pofuna kudziwa momwe zamoyo zilili zoopsa, IUCN Red List idapangidwa, mndandanda wathunthu wosamalira nyama ndi zomera padziko lonse lapansi, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo onaninso kuwopsa kwa kutha kwa zamoyo zikwizikwi ndi zazing'onozing'ono.
Izi ndizofunikira pamitundu yonse ndi zigawo zadziko lapansi. Wokhazikitsidwa mwasayansi kwambiri, Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN umadziwika kuti ndiye wolamulira kwambiri pazosiyanasiyana zamoyo, zomwe cholinga chake ndikufotokozera mwachangu komanso kukula kwazinthu zachitetezo kwa anthu komanso kwa opanga zisankho kapena olimbikitsa dziko kuti ayese kuchepetsa kutha kwa mitundu ya zamoyo. Kuzindikira izi ndikofunikira pakusamalira zachilengedwe.
