Mexico City yakhala ikusintha kosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake nthawi iliyonse ya mbiri yake imakhala ndi zotsalira zam'mbuyomu. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mzinda waukulu, kuwonongeka kosalekeza ndikumangidwaku kumayambira nthawi za ku Spain zisanachitike mpaka pano, monga ntchito yopulumutsa ya Historic Center.
Mexico City yakhala ikusintha kosiyanasiyana, motero nyengo iliyonse ya mbiri yake imadzala ndi zotsalira zam'mbuyomu. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mzinda, kuwonongeka kosalekeza ndikumangidwaku kumayambira nthawi za ku Spain zisanachitike mpaka pano, monga ntchito yopulumutsa ya Historic Center.
Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1325, Mexico City inali likulu la ulamuliro wa Aztec, panthawi yomwe inkalamulira gawo lalikulu. M'nthawi zisanachitike ku Spain, njira zowongoka komanso zojambulajambula zidapangidwa kuti ziziphatikiza ngalande ndikupanga misewu, njira yomwe yakhala ikuwonekera mpaka pano. Kenako chiwonongeko ndi kumanganso zidachitika posintha ntchito zomwe zidalipo, ndimomwe zimachitikira akachisi ndi ma piramidi "tayi iliyonse yazaka" - zaka 52 zathu. Ndi kubadwa kophiphiritsira kwa Dzuwa, zowonjezera zidayikidwa pamapangidwe am'mbuyomu; Momwemonso, kuzungulira kulikonse kunakondwerera ndikuwononga mipando ndi ziwiya zotulutsa zonse m'nyengo yatsopano, zomwe zikufotokozera kupezedwa kwa zidutswa zofukula m'mabwinja.
Pambuyo pake, olandawo adakhala mundawo, pomwe adapatsidwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. M'malo mwake, malingaliro omwe a Alonso García Bravo aku Spain adapangira zomanganso mzindawu adasunga ziwembu zoyambirirazo. Nthawi zambiri akhala akuyesera kulingalira zomwe zikadachitika ngati kukongola kwa Great Tenochtitlan kukadalemekezedwa ndipo aku Spain adamanga mzinda wina wodziwika, koma zofuna za Conquest zidachotsa izi.
Kusintha kwotsatira kwa mzindawu kunapangitsa kuti ukhale mpando waboma lamalamulo ku New Spain ndipo kapangidwe kake kamamangidwa pamabwinja amzindawu utasakazidwa. Pochita izi, misewu yayikulu idasungidwa, monga Tenayuca, yomwe pano imadziwika kuti Vallejo; Tlacopan, masiku ano a Mexico Tacuba, ndi Tepeyac, omwe tsopano ndi Calzada de los Misterios. Madera anayi achikhalidwe omwe munthawi yamatsenga adasintha mayina awo ku Nahuatl chifukwa chotsatira chikhristu adalemekezedwanso: San Juan Moyotla, Santa María Tlaquechiuacan, San Sebastián Atzacualco ndi San Pedro Teopan.
Chifukwa chake, "mzinda wachikoloni udamangidwa pamabwinja amzindawu, kuchotsa zinyalala zamnyumba zachifumu zomwe zidagwa ndi akachisi, ndikumanga zatsopano pamaziko awo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwezo," malinga ndi a Luis González Obregón m'buku lake la Las Calles ochokera ku Mexico. Kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika mzindawu utasiya mawonekedwe ake am'nyanja ntchito itayanika Nyanja Texcoco, yomwe idachitika m'zaka za zana la 16 ndikumaliza mu 1900.
Kwakukulukulu, nthawi ya Colony mzindawu udapangidwa kuchokera pazosowa zachipembedzo. Pankhaniyi, a González Obregón akutchulanso kuti: "m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mzinda wachikoloni udakulirakulira ndi nyumba, ndipo misewu ndi mabwalo adalowedwa ndi nyumba za amonke, mipingo, zipatala, zipatala ndi masukulu, komanso zopanda ulemu kuposa mzinda wachikoloni wa Zaka za zana la 16, zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri zinali zachipembedzo kwambiri, pafupifupi zodala ”.
Kale m'zaka za zana la 19 udali mpando wa maulamuliro aboma pambuyo pa kudziyimira pawokha ndikusintha kwakukulu pazaka zambiri, mwa iwo kutha kwa nyumba zachifumu kutsatira malamulo a Reform komanso gawo lazomanga pagulu la 20th century. Iyi ikhala nthawi ina yowonongera, popeza titha kukhala ndi mizinda itatu: pre-Puerto Rico, wolowa m'malo komanso wosintha.
Kusintha kofunikira kunachitika kumapeto kwa 1910 Revolution, pomwe mwalamulo zócalo, Calle de Moneda ndi nyumba zamtengo wapatali zidatetezedwa. Kuyambira mu 1930, kuzindikira kwatsopano kwakale kwazomangamanga kwa mzindawo kudapangidwa, komwe kumadziwika kuti ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri ku America; ndiye kuti zidakwanira kuyang'anira maboma, zochitika zachuma, mabungwe azamalonda ndi nyumba yayikulu yophunzirira, National University. Malamulowa adawonetsa kuda nkhawa kuti asungidwe ndikupewa kukula kosalamulirika komanso kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe akumizinda.
Kutuluka
Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka, kuyambira 1911 anthu adayamba kuchoka pamalowo ndipo okhalamo anali kulumikizana makamaka m'malo a Guerrero, Nueva Santa María, San Rafael, Roma, Juárez ndi San Miguel Tacubaya. Kumbali inayi, njira zatsopano zidapangidwa kuti zithetse mavuto akuchulukirachulukira ndipo mu 1968 njanji zoyenda pansi panthaka zoyambilira zidakhazikitsidwa ndi cholinga chothandizira mayendedwe aboma; komabe, vutoli lidapitilira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto.
Pa Epulo 11, 1980, Meya wa Templo atapezeka ndi a Coyolxauhqui, adalamula kuti likulu lakale la Mexico City ndi malo azikumbutso zakale, zomwe zidalemba malire a 668 Kutambasula kwa 9.1 kilomita.
Lamuloli limagawa malowa m'magawo awiri: A imatchinga yomwe idaphimba mzinda wakale wa Spain usanachitike ndikukula mu viceroyalty mpaka Independence, ndipo B ikuphatikiza zowonjezera zomwe zidachitika mpaka zaka za 19th. Momwemonso, lamulo la 1980, lomwe limateteza nyumba ndi zipilala kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1600 mpaka 1900, limawona kuti kusamalira ndi kukonzanso cholowa ndi zomangamanga ndizofunikira monga gawo lamakonzedwe akumizinda akumidzi.
KUMAGWIRITSA NTCHITO PAKALELE PAKATI PAKALE PA MZIMU WA MEXICO
Ili ndi zoposa 9 km2 zokha ndipo imakhala m'mabwalo a 668. Pali malo pafupifupi 9,000 komanso nyumba zokwana 1 500 zamtengo wapatali, zomangidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 16 ndi 20.
KWA CHITSANZO ...
Iturbide Palace inamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 17 kwa Marquis aku San Mateo de Valparaíso ndipo ndi chitsanzo cha zomangamanga za Baroque zokopa zaku Italiya. Linapangidwa ndi womangamanga Francisco Guerrero y Torres, yemwenso anali mlembi wa Palace of the Counts of San Mateo Valparaíso ndi Capilla del Pocito ku Basilica of Guadalupe; Mbali yake yakutsogolo ili ndi matupi angapo ndipo pakhonde lazunguliridwa ndi zipilala zabwino. Imatha kudutsa m'misewu ya Gante, Bolívar ndi Madero. Nyumba yachifumuyi idadziwika kuti Iturbide amakhala pomwe amalowa ku Mexico motsogozedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Trigarante. Kwa nthawi yayitali inali hotelo, yakhala ikukonzedweratu ndipo pakadali pano imakhala ndi malo owonetsera zakale ndi maofesi a Banamex. Komabe, imatha kuchezeredwa ndi anthu. Ili m'gulu la nyumba zowunikira mu Historic Center Trust Program.
Pakona pa 16 de Septiembre-pamaso pa Coliseo Viejo- ndi Isabel la Católica -pambuyo pa Espiritu Santo– Boker Building ili, yomangidwa mu 1865 kuti isungire malo ogulitsira omwe ali ndi dzina lomweli. Linapangidwa ndi akatswiri a zomangamanga a De Lemus ndi Cordes, ochokera ku New York, olemba sitolo yotchuka ya Macys mumzinda uwo, ndipo adaphedwa ndi a Gonzalo Garita aku Mexico, omwenso adagwira ntchito yomanga Chikumbutso cha Independence ndi maziko a Nyumba Yachifumu. Za Zojambula Zabwino. Malowa ali ndi nyumba ya alongo, yomwe imasunga Bank of Mexico, yophedwa ndi womanga ndi womanga yemweyo; Mu 1900, idakhazikitsidwa ndi Don Porfirio Díaz ndipo panthawiyo imadziwika kuti ndi yamakono ku Mexico, popeza inali yoyamba kumangidwa ndi zipilala ndi matabwa azitsulo. Amawonedwa ngati chipilala cha mbiri yakale komanso kamangidwe ka mzindawu.
Mwa zina zopezeka pamalowo, akuti panthawi yomanga, Cihuateteo, mulungu wamkazi yemwe ali ku Munal, komanso chiwombankhanga chodulidwa mutu, adapezeka ku National Museum of Anthropology. Mwini wake, Pedro Boker, watenga nawo gawo pantchito yopulumutsa yomwe imachitika m'misewu iyi ndikutiuza kuti pakhala pali oyandikana atatu pamisewu yonse, omwe amatenga nawo gawo poyang'anira ntchitoyi.
KUPULUMUTSA ZOCHITIKA
Kuwonongeka kokulira kwa malowa kumaphatikizaponso zachuma, zachikhalidwe, zandale komanso zam'mizinda, chifukwa chake njira yopulumutsa iyenera kuilingalira ndi cholinga chofuna kupulumutsa mbiri yathu komanso zikhalidwe zathu.
Ntchito yomwe ilipo pakadali pano ya Historic Center imayendetsedwa ndi Trust of the Historic Center ku Mexico City, motsogozedwa ndi Ana Lilia Cepeda, ndipo ili ndi zochitika zowongoleredwa, zomwe mzaka zinayi (2002-2006) zipanga zotsatira zabwino pamatawuni.
ZOCHITIKA Zachuma
Mwanjira imeneyi, akufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama zikuyenda bwino, kutsimikizira kugulitsa nyumba, kuganiziranso za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyumba, kuyambiranso malowa pachuma ndikupanga ntchito.
ZOCHITIKA KWA ANTHU
Kumbali inayi, ikufuna kukonzanso ndi kubwezeretsa zikhalidwe m'derali, kulimbikitsa mizu ya mabanja omwe akukhalamo, komanso kuthana ndi mavuto azamalonda pagulu la anthu, kusowa chitetezo, umphawi komanso kuwonongeka kwa anthu.
NKHANI ZOPULUMUTSIDWA KWA CHIKHALIDWE CHAKALE POPEREKA NTCHITO YAKE YOPHUNZITSIRA
Choyamba (zonse zitatu kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Novembala 2002):
Munali misewu ya 5 de Mayo, Isabel La Católica / República de Chile, Francisco I. Madero ndi Allende / Bolívar.
Chachiwiri:
Imakhudza misewu ya 16 de Septiembre, Donceles, kuchokera ku Eje Central kupita ku República de Argentina, komanso magawo awiri a Palma, pakati pa 16 de Septiembre ndi Venustiano Carranza, pakati pa 5 de Mayo ndi Madero
Chachitatu:
Imagwira m'misewu ya Venustiano Carranza, kuchokera ku Eje Central kupita ku Pino Suárez, zigawo zotsalira za Palma, imodzi ya february 5, pakati pa Seputembara 16 ndi Venustiano Carranza. Mu Motolinía Street, pansi ndi malo obzala adakonzedwanso, ndipo atapemphedwa ndi oyandikana nawo, gawo lomwe lili pakati pa Tacuba ndi 5 de Mayo lidasinthidwa kukhala malo oyenda.
Gawo lachinayi: (kuyambira pa Julayi 27, 2002 mpaka Okutobala 2003). Munali msewu wa Tacuba (mitsinje, magulu ankhondo ndi misewu).
NDONDOMEKO YA ZITHUNZI ZA URBAN
Imathandizira pazinthu zamatauni ndikulemekeza mbiri yakale; Ndi njira zowonongera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukonza kwa zomangamanga, kuyatsa nyumba, mipando yamatauni, mayendedwe ndi misewu, kuyimika magalimoto, kuyitanitsa malonda m'misewu yaboma ndi kusonkhanitsa zinyalala.
NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA
Kuunikira kwa nyumbazi kumawunikira kukongola kwawo paulendo wausiku. Ena mwa omwe awunikiridwa mu pulogalamuyi ndi awa:
• Ku Isabel La Católica La Esmeralda, Spanish Casino, Nyumba ya Count of Miravalle ndi Boker House.
• Ku Madero, kuyatsa kunapangidwa mu Kachisi wa San Felipe, bwalo la San Francisco, Nyumba yachifumu ya Iturbide, La Profesa, Casa Borda ndi Nyumba ya Pimentel.
• Pa Meyi 5, kuyatsa kunayikidwa ku Monte de Piedad, Casa Ajaracas, Paris Building, Motolinía ndi Meyi 5, Palestina, komanso kutsogolo kwa Building of Weights and Measures.
MAFUNSO NDI ZOCHITIKA
Urban Development Programme of the Historic Center ikutanthawuza kubzala kuchokera ku Federal District boma la 375 miliyoni pesos (mp) pamagwiridwe antchito, zithunzi zamatauni ndi kupeza katundu. Ndalama zapadera zimakwana 4,500 miliyoni pesos m'mapulojekiti ogula malo ndi kukhazikitsa masitolo, malo odyera ndi mabizinesi ena.
Kusinthaku ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyambira 1902, nthawi yomaliza yomwe misewu idatsegulidwa ndikukonzanso zomangamanga. Ndi ntchito yokhazikika pamakhalidwe abwino m'derali, momwe boma la Federal District, National Institute of Anthropology and History, National Institute of Fine Arts, akatswiri azambiriyakale, obwezeretsa, omanga mapulani ndi okonza matawuni amatenga nawo mbali. Center mosakayikira ipezanso kukongola kwake.
Gwero: Unknown Mexico No. 331 / September 2004
