Kupanga zithunzi m'zaka za zana la 19 kuli ndi mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ndi kujambula zithunzi: daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, tintypes, carbon prints ndi bichromated rubber ndi ena mwa iwo.
Njira zingapo izi zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: omwe adapanga chithunzi chimodzi - chomwe chimatchedwanso chithunzi cha kamera komanso chomwe chidachokera ku daguerreotype- ndi omwe amalola kubereka kangapo - kuchokera pamatrix oyipa omwe adapezeka m'chipinda chamdima-, komwe chiyambi chake chimatchulidwa ku calotype.
Mwa gulu lachiwiri - omwe adapangitsa kuti kubereka kangapo kuthekere - maluso awiri osindikizira amaonekera: kusindikiza ndi mchere kapena pepala lamchere komanso pepala lanyimbo. Mlengi woyamba anali Henry Fox-Talbot, yemwe adapeza zithunzi zake pogwiritsa ntchito pepala losalala. Kusindikiza kwa Albumen, Komano, inali njira yomwe 85% yazithunzi zopangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19 zidapangidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zambiri za cholowa cha dziko lathu - chofananira ndi zaka za zana limenelo - ndi zopezeka munjira imeneyi.
Pepala la Albenen linali chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza zabwino, ndipo mu 1839 a Louis Blanquart-Evrard adayesetsa kupanga izi popanga zopangira magalasi kuchokera ku Niépce de St. Victor, yemwe gawo lake linali albinamu yolimbikitsidwa ndi mchere wa siliva. . Mwanjira imeneyi, Louis adachita zoyeserera za mtundu wa colloid izi ndikuzilemba pamapepala, ndikuwongolera zotsatira za zolemba za a Henry Fox Talbot, kuti pambuyo pake apange zithunzi ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zake ku French Academy of Science (Meyi 27 ya 1850). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumachepa chifukwa chakuti akatswiri ojambula - okhawo omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito - adapeza zotsatira zabwino ndi mapepala osungidwa osindikizidwa mwachindunji (collodion kapena gelatin).
Chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri popanga pepala la albumin chinali chakuti pepalalo likalimbikitsidwa ndi nitrate yasiliva, nthawi zina limakumana ndi pepalalo kudzera pa albumin wosanjikiza, ndipo ngati pepalalo silinapangidwe wabwino, nitrate adachita mankhwala ndikupangitsa madontho akuda kapena mawanga pachithunzicho. Vuto lina linali kuchuluka kwa kusayera kwa pepalalo komanso zinthu zoyesa, chifukwa pakuwongolera kapena kutsitsa kwa zithunzi zomwe zapezeka papepala la alben amatha kupanga kusintha kosasintha. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kupanga pepala la albenen kunali kosavuta, kunabweretsa zovuta zowoneka bwino. Komabe, panali opanga omwe amagulitsa pepala labwino kwambiri la albenen, mafakitala odziwika kwambiri ndi omwe amakhala ku Germany - makamaka omwe ali ku Dresden-, momwe mazira mamiliyoni amadya chaka chilichonse pantchito iyi.
"Chinsinsi" chopangira mapepala, komanso kulimbikitsa kwake ndi mchere wa siliva, akufotokozedwa ndi Rodolfo Namias mu 1898:
Mazirawo ndi osweka mosamala ndipo albumin imasiyanitsidwa ndi yolk; yotsirizira imagulitsidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa ndi magolovesi. Albumin yamadzimadzi imamenyedwa m'matumba, kaya pamanja kapena ndi makina apadera, kenako nkusiya kuti ikhazikike: patadutsa maola ochepa imakhalanso yamadzimadzi, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasiyana bwino. Albumin yamadzimadzi yomwe ikupezeka siyiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo, koma iyenera kuloledwa kupesa pang'ono, chifukwa izi zimapereka chithunzi chosavuta [...] chimasiyidwa [chikuwotchera], monga masiku asanu ndi atatu kapena khumi , ndipo m'nyengo yozizira mpaka masiku khumi ndi asanu; kuchokera ku fungo lonyoza lomwe limapereka, mphindi yomwe idafika kumapeto kwake imatha kuwerengedwa. Kutsekemera kumayimitsidwa ndikuwonjezera pang'ono asidi aseteni ndikusankhidwa. Musanagwiritse ntchito albinamu iyi, mankhwala enaake a alkali ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Cholinga cha mankhwala enaakewa ndikuti pakuthandizira pepala, kuti apange mankhwala enaake a siliva pamodzi ndi albin wosanjikiza, ndipo kloride yasiliva iyi ndi chimodzimodzi, pamodzi ndi siliva albumin, nkhani yovuta.
Lero tikudziwa kuti albumin idayikidwa m'makontena opangidwa ndi ma zinc mbale, ndipo m'mapepala mwake mwapadera mwabwino kwambiri komanso kulemera pang'ono komwe amafuna kukonza adayandama. Chinsalucho chidamizidwa mu bafa ili, ndikuchigwira mozungulira mbali ziwiri ndikutsika pang'onopang'ono, kupewa momwe zingathere kukhazikitsidwa kwa thovu; pakatha mphindi kapena ziwiri adachotsedwa ndikupachika kuti aume. Kawirikawiri, masambawo anali ndi mapuloteni awiri omwe amawapatsa mphamvu yowala kwambiri.
Kamodzi kouma, pepalalo limayenera kukhala satin kuti liwonjeze kuwala kwake. Ngati njirayi idachitika moyenera, pepala ya alben yokhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa ikanapezeka (mawonekedwe akulu a pepala lokonzedwa bwino). Mapepala omwe anali kale ndi mapuloteni anali atakulungidwa m'maphukusi omwe amasungidwa m'malo ouma kuti athe kulimbikitsa. Izi zidachitika tsiku limodzi kapena awiri asanagwiritsidwe ntchito, ngakhale pakati pa 1850s (JM Reilly, 1960) zinali zotheka kuti zikhale zolimbikitsidwa kale komanso zokhazikitsidwa m'malo ena ogulitsa.
Polimbikitsa, 10% yankho la nitrate yasiliva yokhala ndi madzi osungunuka adagwiritsidwa ntchito; Pambuyo pake, chisakanizocho chinatsanuliridwa mu chidebe cha dongo, ndipo pansi pa kutulutsa kwa magetsi ofooka (magetsi kapena nyali yamafuta, osazungulira), tsamba la alben linayandama pakasamba kasiliva kwa mphindi ziwiri kapena zitatu; pamapeto pake adaumitsidwa mofanana ndi nthawi yomwe anali albumin, koma tsopano mumdima wathunthu. Kamodzi kouma, pepalalo lidali loviikidwa mu 5% citric acid solution kwa mphindi imodzi kapena ziwiri kenako nkutsanulidwa ndikuumitsa pakati pa pepala la fyuluta. Akakhala owuma, masambawo ankanyamulidwa kuti adzawagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo, kapena ankakulungidwa, ndi mbali ya proteinaceous yoyang'ana panja, pamakina ozungulira omwe anali atakulungidwa ndi pepala. Momwemonso, pepala lolimbikitsidwa lidasungidwa pamalo ouma (M. Carey Lea, 1886).
Kuti tisindikize pazithunzi zamtunduwu, zotsatirazi zidachitika:
a) Pepala lolimbikitsidwa la albin lidawunikiridwa ndi dzuwa pokhudzana ndi zoyipa, zomwe zitha kukhala galasi lokhala ndi gawo la albin, galasi ndi collodion, kapena gelatin.
b) Maonekedwewo adatsukidwa pansi pamadzi.
c) Ankapangidwira miyala, makamaka ndi yankho la mankhwala enaake a golide.
d) Chokhazikika ndi sodium thiosulfate.
f) Pomaliza, idatsukidwa ndikuyika pamiyala yoyanika.
Zithunzi zoyamba za albenen zinali matte pamwamba, ndipo mawonekedwe owoneka bwino adawoneka m'ma 1950. Poyambitsa kujambula zithunzi za stereoscopic ndi ma cartes de visite ("makhadi ochezera"), pepala la albenen lidakula kwambiri (1850-1890).
Potsatsa malonda awo, zithunzizi adaziyika pazinthu zothandizira okhazikika, ndikutsatira wowuma, gelatin, chingamu chi arabic, dextrin kapena albumin (JM Reilly, op. Cit), zonse pazifukwa zaluso komanso zokongoletsa, kuyambira mtundu wa pepala lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Zithunzi zosindikiza, monga tafotokozera kale, zinali zochepa kwambiri. Zithunzi zosatsitsidwazo nthawi zina zimayikidwa m'mabuku, ndipo nthawi zina, zimasungidwa m'maphukusi kapena ma envulopu, momwe zimakonda kukulunga kapena khwinya, zomwe zimachitika ndi zomwe zili phunziroli.
Zojambula za albumen zosalumikizidwazo zidali zopindika kapena makwinya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha komwe kumachitika m'malo omwe adasungidwa asanafike ku INAH Photo Library, zomwe zidachititsanso kuti zithunzi zina zizitha kufulumira .
M'malo mwake, zovuta zomwe zimachokera pakupukutira kwa pepala la albenen zidanenedwa m'mabuku oyamba ofotokozera mtundu wa pepala lojambula, komanso yankho lake, lomwe limakhala pakukonza zosindikiza pamakatoni olimba achiwiri, ngakhale yankho ili lidangogwira ntchito ngati curl inali yopepuka (JM cit.).
Kutsirizitsa kwa pepalaku kumayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa chinyezi m'deralo, chifukwa kuyamwa kwake kumakhala kocheperako mu gawo la albin kuposa momwe zimathandizira papepala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ulusi wothandizira utupe chifukwa chakusiyana kwa mikangano.
Kukhazikika kwamankhwala ndi kutetemera kwa zojambulaku ndikotsika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithunzizi zopangidwa ndi njirayi zitha kuwonongeka, chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso zamkati zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ma albin ndi siliva ya photolytic ya chithunzicho. kusindikiza kwachindunji.
Ngakhale pali maphunziro pazinthu zomwe zimasintha moyo wazosindikiza zamtunduwu, zomwe zimapereka njira zina zochedwetsera kuwonongeka, palibe malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi avuto lomwe limalola zithunzi zosindikizidwa zomwe zatchulidwazi zisungidwe m'njira yofunikira.
Laibulale ya INAH Photo ili ndi zidutswa pafupifupi 10,000 papepala lokhala ndi ma albino, zonse zamtengo wapatali, makamaka potengera malo ndi zithunzi. Zithunzi zingapo zosonkhanitsazi zikuwonongeka - ngakhale kusungidwa kosasunthika-, komwe pulogalamu yokhazikitsira makina idakhazikitsidwa yomwe ingalole kupulumutsidwa kwa zidutswazi ndi kufalitsa kwawo. Pobwezeretsa makina, njira zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa zikalata zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimathandizanso kuti pakhale "umphumphu" ndikupitilizabe kuthandizira, ngakhale zikafika pakulowerera pa gawo lapansi kapena chithunzicho, akukumana ndi mavuto akulu, chifukwa Njira ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizogwirizana ndi malamulo oyambira obwezeretsa. Kumbali inayi, njira zamankhwala sizikugwira ntchito pamtunduwu, chifukwa zimasintha mamolekedwe a siliva wopanga zithunzizi (kuchokera ku siliva ya photolytic kupita ku siliva ya filamentary), kusintha mawu, njira yomwe singasinthe.
Umu ndi momwe zotsatirazi zidachitikira:
a) Zojambula zojambula zoyambirira zomwe zidakulungidwa musanalandire chithandizo.
b) Kusanthula kwakuthupi ndi kwamakina amachitidwe a ma albinini.
c) Akamaliza kuwunika zidutswazo, ankaziziritsa pozizira, zomwe zikachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi polemera gawo lililonse zimatha kuzimasula.
d) Tidayimitsa ndikukhazikitsanso ndege yoyambirira ya zithunzizo pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira.
e) Pomaliza, iliyonse idakonzedwa molimba mosagwirizana ndi ndale ph, yomwe imathandizira kusunga mawonekedwe ake apachiyambi, kupewa zovuta zomwe zingachitike pakuthandizira koyambirira komanso pachithunzicho (kutha, mabala, ndi zina zambiri).
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ntchito zopulumutsa ndi kusamalira zopanga zithunzi ndizofunikira kuti mumvetsetse kuti kujambula ndikumbukiro kokometsera kaanthu, dziko, osati zotsatira zokhazokha za photochemical kapena kukumana ndi thanatos.
