Anthu akale aku Mexico adadyetsa njuchi zaku Aborigine zamtundu wa Meliponas kuti azipanga uchi ndi sera. Kupanga kwa tapers, makandulo ndi makandulo kumafalikira mwachangu, m'makonsolo komanso m'malo aboma.
Ponseponse pa Viceroyalty panali malamulo angapo pagulu lanyumba, pomwe phula loyera ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zidafotokozedwera. Yoyamba idaperekedwa ndi Viceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza mu 1574. Ena omwe adalembera makandulo ndi zoyikapo nyali adalamulidwa ndi Viceroy Luis de Velasco Jr. , Chiwerengero Choyamba cha Revillagigedo.
Mpaka pano, makandulo a phula amapangidwa ndi manja motere: zingwe, zomwe ndi zingwe zazikulu za thonje za kukula kwake, zimayimitsidwa pa gudumu la liana lopachikidwa padenga. Sera, yomwe mtundu wake woyambirira ndi wachikaso, imasungunuka mu poto; ngati pakufunika makandulo oyera, sera imawonekera padzuwa; ngati pakufunika mtundu wina, aniline ufa amawonjezeredwa. Casserole imayikidwa pansi ndipo ndi mphonda kapena botolo laling'ono, sera yamadzi imatsanuliridwa pamwamba pa chingwe. Kuchulukitsitsa kukachoka, gudumu limasunthidwa kuti lisambe chingwe chotsatira ndi zina zotero. Ntchitoyi imabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza mpaka makulidwe ofunikira atapezeka. Njira inanso ndiyo kupendeketsa gudumu kusamba chingwecho mosungunuka.
Magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyatsa ku Pre-Puerto Rico ku Mexico adasinthidwa ndi makandulo. Elisa Vargas Lugo akufotokoza "Zikondwerero zakumenyetsa ufulu kwa Rosa de Lima", zomwe zidachitika ku Mexico mu 1668, pomwe panali magawo akulu omwe amapangira nyumba zopempherera, minda ndi zipinda. Kapangidwe kake kakuunikiridwa ndi: magalasi mazana atatu amafuta, mabatani zana atali, makandulo zana limodzi ndi nkhwangwa zazingwe zazingwe. Omwe ali chakumbuyo kwakunja ndi chandeliers zisanu zasiliva zokhala ndi makandulo zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri (makandulowo ndi makandulo oyera sera).
Komabe, gawo lofunikira kwambiri lamatayala ndi makandulo limapezeka mchipembedzo: gulu silingatengeke popanda aliyense amene atenga kandulo imodzi kapena zingapo, kapena ma posadas a Khrisimasi - mwambo wofotokozedwa ndi Antonio García Cubas ku Ia theka loyamba la zaka zana - popanda makandulo achikhalidwe.
Pamadyerero a anthu akufa (Novembala 1 ndi 2), makandulo masauzande ambiri amayatsa magulu achipembedzo mdziko lonselo, usana kapena usiku, kuti alandire mwaulemu mizimu ya womwalirayo amene amabwera kudzacheza, ndikuwayatsa kuti pezani njira yanu mosavuta. Kuunikiridwa usiku ndi kotchuka ku Janitzio, Michoacán ndi Mízquic, Federal District, koma amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'matawuni ena ambiri.
M'mapiri a Chiapas, makandulo owonda, owoneka bwino komanso opangidwa ndi polychrome amapangidwa, omwe anthu aku Chiapas amapanga mitolo (yolumikizidwa ndi utoto) yomwe, yogulitsa, imalumikizidwa padenga la masitolo. Pansi pamatchalitchi, amatha kuwoneka atayatsidwa ndikukonzedwa m'mizere, kuwunikira nkhope ya mbadwa zomwe zimawapatsa oyera mtima odzipereka.
Amapemphera mokweza ndipo nthawi zambiri amadzudzula wopatulika chifukwa chosamupatsa mwayi wopempha kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale adamupatsa makandulo kangapo.
Pa zokambirana zapachaka zamatauni ena pagombe laling'ono la Guerrero ndi Oaxaca, alendo amapita kutchalitchicho atayatsa makandulo ndi maluwa, omwe amaika paguwa lansembe atapemphera. Akatswiri omwe adadzipereka kuyeretsa anthu onse omwe amawafunsiranso amagwiritsa ntchito makandulo ndi maluwa.
Makandulo ndi ofunikira pafupifupi pakuchiritsa konse ndi miyambo yodzikongoletsa momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, zina mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni, monga ziwonetsero zadongo (ku Metepec, State of Mexico, ndi Tlayacapan, Morelos, mwa ena) kapena kudula mapepala (ku San Pablito, Puebla).
Zina mwazinthu zina ndi brandy, ndudu, zitsamba zina ndipo, nthawi zina, chakudya, ngakhale makandulo oyatsidwa omwe amapereka ulemu ku chilengedwe samasowa.
Pamodzi ndi njuchi zatsopano ndikupanga makandulo, njira yolukirira ya sera idabwera ku Mexico, komwe zinthu zotchuka kwambiri zimapangidwa mpaka pano. Mwambiri, amakhala makandulo kapena matebulo okongoletsedwa bwino ndizithunzi zosiyanasiyana - makamaka maluwa - omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opembedza ngati zopereka m'matchalitchi.
Njirayi imakhala yopanga (mu dongo kapena matabwa am'matabwa) sera zopyapyala kwambiri, nthawi zina mumitundu yowala. Kupanga mitundu yotsekedwa (monga zipatso, mbalame ndi angelo), amagwiritsa ntchito nkhungu ziwiri zolumikizidwa, ndipo mbali yopanda kanthu yopangidwa mwadala, imadzazidwa ndi sera yamadzi, ndipo imawombedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti phula ligawidwe mofanana, kupanga umodzi wosanjikiza kumakoma a nkhungu. Pambuyo pake, imamizidwa m'madzi ozizira ndipo, sera ikakhazikika, magawo ake awiri amapatukana. Kwa ziwerengero "zosavuta", nkhungu imodzi ya kukula ndi mawonekedwe oyenera imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Maluwawo amapangidwa mu nkhungu zokhala ndi ma handles (ozungulira kapena ozungulira), omwe ali ndi ma grooves opunthira pamakhala. Amamizidwa kangapo mu phula lamadzimadzi, amalowetsedwa m'madzi ozizira kenako mawonekedwewo amakhala opanda, mawonekedwe omwe akuwonetsedwa ndi malowo adadulidwa ndi lumo ndipo amawongoleredwa pamanja kuti amalize. Nthawi zina zidutswazo zimatsatira kandulo kapena kandulo, ndipo zina zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya. Zokongoletsa komaliza ndi pepala lonyezimira, china ndi tsamba lagolide.
M'chigawo cha San Luis Potosí, phula lenileni limapangidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa ataliatali ofanana kwambiri ndi omwe amazokota. Mitunduyi imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu: ku Río Verde zomangamanga zazing'ono (matchalitchi, maguwa, ndi zina) amagwiritsidwa ntchito; ku Santa Maria deI Río ndi sera yoyera yokha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ma filigree mbale amaphatikizidwa ndi nkhata zamaluwa zamaluwa zolumikizidwa m'mafelemu wokutidwa ndi pepala lakale, lokhala ndi kandulo imodzi kapena zingapo pakati; mu Mezquitic mawonekedwewo ndi ofanana, koma sera yamafuta angapo imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mulimonsemo, ndi ntchito zazikulu zomwe zimayikidwa pazolembapo komanso chipale chofewa chopita kutchalitchi. Mwambo wopereka maguwa ndi ma rafts m'boma la San Luis Potosí ndiwakale kwambiri, kuyambira chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19: mu 1833, Vicar waku Santiago deI Río, Fray Clemente Luna, adakonza mayendedwe a maluwawo. , wopanga maulendo m'misewu yomwe idatha ndi kukana kwa kachisi.
Ku Tlacolula, Teotitlán, ndi matauni ena m'chigwa cha Oaxaca, makandulo okongoletsedwa kwambiri ndi maluwa, zipatso, mbalame, ndi mngelo amakongoletsa mkati mwa matchalitchi. Mpaka posachedwa, kupempha dzanja la mtsikana, mkwati ndi abale ake amabweretsera banja la mkwatibwi mkate, maluwa, ndi kandulo wokongoletsa.
Michoacán ndi dera lina komwe chikhalidwe cha sera yoluka chimafalikira, m'matchalitchi awo, mkati mwa zikondwerero, mutha kuyamikira makandulo okhala ndi nthambi zazikulu za maluwa a sera. Ku Ocumicho, mabala a sera yolimba amajambula zithunzi za oyera mtima omwe amayenda mozungulira mbuye wa tchalitchicho, komanso matepi okongoletsedwa bwino. Pa chikondwerero cha Patamban, mseu waukulu umakongoletsedwa ndi mphasa wautali kwambiri: kuchokera pagawo kupita ku zigawo zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi mitsuko yaying'ono - Patamban ndi tawuni yaumbiya -, maluwa, chimanga, kapena, nthawi zambiri, zimayikidwa sera zotsekedwa. . Anthu amagwira ntchito kuyambira mbandakucha kukongoletsa misewu yawo, yomwe pambuyo pake mayendedwe adzadutsa omwe amawononga kukongola konse kwakanthawi.
M'magulu a Totonac ndi Nahua aku Sierra de Puebla, oyendetsa sitima amapezanso kufunika kwake. Zokongoletsa zake zimakhala ndimatayala a sera ndi mawilo okhala ndi makandulo, okongoletsedwa motsatana ndi oyamba, maluwa ndi ziwonetsero zina. Paphwando lililonse pamakhala woperekera chikho yemwe amayang'anira kupereka ndalama zake kutchalitchicho, ndipo ndi kunyumba kwake komwe amuna amderalo amakumana: oyimba angapo amasewera zida za zingwe ndipo aliyense wopezekapo amapatsidwa chakumwa, pambuyo pake aliyense amatenga kandulo. . Mgwirizanowu umayima nthawi iliyonse omwe nyumba zimapereka chakudya ndi maluwa kwa Woyera. Mukafika kutchalitchicho, aliyense amapemphera ndipo makandulo amaikidwa paguwa lansembe.
Pali malo ena ambiri ku Mexico komwe amagwiritsa ntchito sera yoluka, mwachitsanzo San Cristóbal de Ias Casas, Chiapas; San Martín Texmelucan, Puebla; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala; Ixtlán deI Río, Nayarit, ndi ena ambiri. Mitengo ikuluikulu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa ndi zidutswa zodulidwa pamapepala onyezimira kapena zojambula bwino, nthawi zambiri imapangidwa m'misika yamakandulo yapadera yomwe imawagawira dziko lonselo.
Kandulo ndi phula loyaka, zinthu zakanthawi kochepa zomwe zimawonongedwa ndi moto, zimapereka chisangalalo cha kuwala ndi kukongola kumiyambo yachipembedzo yam'midzi komanso yamabanja, nthawi yomweyo kuti ndi miyambo yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa anthu aku Mexico, azikhalidwe komanso azikhalidwe. ngati mestizo.
