M'modzi mwa mayendedwe ochepetsetsa a Sierra de Santa Rosa, kumpoto chakumalire kwa nthaka zachonde za Bajío, mzinda wachilendo wa Guanajuato ukuwonekera, ngati kuti ndi matsenga ena.
M'modzi mwa mayendedwe ochepetsetsa a Sierra de Santa Rosa, kumpoto chakumalire kwa nthaka zachonde za Bajío, mzinda wachilendo wa Guanajuato ukuwonekera, ngati kuti ndi matsenga ena. Nyumba zake zikuwoneka kuti zikumamatira kutsetsereka kwa zitunda ndikulendewera kumtunda kwa misewu yake yapansi panthaka. Atadziphatika pamodzi m'misewu yopapatiza komanso yopindika, iwo ndi mboni zakachetechete zama bonanzas zazikulu zasiliva zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malowa akhale opanga otsogola padziko lapansi. M'mbuyomu, mapiri ake anali okutidwa ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ndipo mitsinje yake imakhala ndi misondodzi kapena mfuti; Ku Sierra Leone okhalamo akale-Guamares ndi Otomí Indian amasaka nyama zamphongo ndi hares, kutchula dera lino ndi mayina angapo: Motil, "Malo azitsulo"; Quanaxhuato "Malo amphiri achule", ndi Paxtitlan, "Komwe mbalame kapena udzu zimachuluka".
Monga madera ambiri omwe amapanga gawo la Great Chichimeca, dera la Guanajuato lidalandidwa m'zaka za zana la 16th pogwiritsa ntchito ziweto, zopatsidwa Rodrigo de Vázquez, Andrés López de Céspedes ndi Juanes de Garnica pambuyo pa 1533, chaka chomwe San Miguel el Grande idakhazikitsidwa koyamba - lero kuchokera ku Allende. Chakumapeto kwa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana limenelo, Juan de Jasso yemwe anali wolima ziweto anapeza zinthu zina zasiliva zomwe zinalembedwa ku Yuririapúndaro; Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo komanso zomwe zapezeka m'migodi ya Rayas ndi Mellado, komanso mitsempha yotchuka ya amayi yomwe imadyetsa ndalama zambiri ku Sierra, chuma chimasintha kwambiri ndikusiya ziweto. monga chochita chachikulu ndikukhala kampani yamigodi. Kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku kunadzetsa ukoloni ndi anthu otchova njuga komanso ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe, chifukwa chofunikira pakupezeka madzi, amakonda mabedi azinyumba m'malo mwawo.
M'modzi mwa olemba mbiri yakale amzindawu, a Lucio Marmolejo, akunena kuti monga zotsatira za tawuni yolandirayi komanso kuteteza zantchito zaku migodi, mipanda inayi kapena Royal Mines amayenera kupangidwa: ya Santiago, ku Marfil; ya Santa Fe, pamapiri a Cerro del Cuarto; ya Santa Ana, yakuya ku Sierra, ndi ya Tepetapa. Pakukonzekera koyambirira, malinga ndi Marmolejo, Real de Santa Ana amayenera kukhala mutu wa malo achitetezo; Komabe, inali Real de Santa Fe, yotukuka kwambiri, yomwe idawonetsa chiyambi cha mzinda wapano. Ndi tsiku la 1554 lomwe limatengedwa ngati poyambira kukhazikikaku komwe kumatchedwa kukhala kopambana ku New Spain.
Guanajuato adakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu pakukula kwake kuyambira pamenepo, popeza gawolo silinapereke malo ofunikira kuti alole mawonekedwe omwe Felipe II adalemba. Mwanjira imeneyi, chigwa chopapatacho chidakakamiza mudziwo kuti uzikonzedwa mosasunthika malinga ndi malo otsetsereka a dzikolo, ndikupanga misewu yokhotakhota yomwe idaswedwa ndi mapiri omwe amawupatsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mbale yosweka mpaka lero. Mwa zomangamanga zoyambilira za m'zaka za zana la 16, zipembedzo zokha za zipatala zaku India ndizomwe zidatsalira, zosinthidwa lero.
Nthawi idapitilizabe ntchito yake yosawoneka bwino ndikuwona zochitika za kukhazikitsidwa zikukula bwino, zomwe mu 1679 zidalandira kuchokera kwa Carlos II mutu wa Villa. Chifukwa chakusiyanaku, ena mwa oyandikana nawo adapereka gawo la malo awo kuti apange Plaza Meya de Ia Villa - lero Plaza de Ia Paz-, potenga njira zoyambirira zokhazikitsira malowo. Pamzere wakalewu malowa adasinthidwa kuti apange parishi ya Nuestra Señora de Guanajuato - yomwe pano ndi Collegiate Basilica - ndi timitengo tating'ono kumtunda, komwe ndi konsolo yoyamba ya anthu: San Diego de Alcalá. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri misewu yayikulu inali itafotokozedwa kale ndipo chigawo chamatawuni chidakhazikitsidwa bwino malinga ndi ntchito zake: migodi idakhazikika m'malo okwera am'mapiri, phindu lazitsulo lidapangidwa m'minda yomwe inali pabedi la mtsinje. cañada, komwe malo ogwiritsira ntchito azachipatala komanso opembedzera adagawidwa, komanso malo okhala antchito. Momwemonso, zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndikuwasamalira anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi nkhalango zosatha za ku Sierra ndi zida zonse zaulimi za ziweto za Bajío zolimbikitsidwa ndi eni migodi iwowo. Pamaziko olimba awa, zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu - zodziwika kwamuyaya ndi chuma ndi kusiyanasiyana - zimayenera kuchitira umboni, mosakayikira, kukongola kwakukulu komwe kunayika Guanajuato ngati woyamba kupanga siliva padziko lapansi, woposa mlongo wake Zacatecas ndi kwa Potosí wopeka ku Viceroyalty of Peru, monga ananenera mobwerezabwereza a Baron de Humboldt mu "Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain."
Gawo loyambirira la zaka zapitazi lidayamba kuwonetsa chuma chobisalira cha malowo, chomwe chidawonetsedwa ndi malungo oyamba omanga. Mwa awa, chipatala chofunikira cha Our Lady of Belén ndi Calzada ndi Sanctuary ya Guadalupe chimawonekera. Kuphulika kumeneku kunali mboni mu 1741 zakukwera kwanyumba kuti Villa inali mutu wa City ndi Felipe V, chifukwa chakuchuluka kwa migodi yake. Chifukwa chake, Mzinda Wolemekezeka Kwambiri komanso Wokhulupirika Kwambiri wa Santa Fe, Real ndi Minas de Guanajuato adadzuka mochedwa kwambiri - mzaka zapitazi za Viceroyalty - kuti akwaniritse mwachangu tsogolo lomwe lidadziwika.
Panthawiyo zimangotsalira kuti ndalama zazikulu zasiliva zidziwike, zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa ndi Guanajuato. Ngakhale a Mina de Rayas, omwe anali olemera kwambiri chifukwa chokwera kwambiri, komanso oyandikana nawo, Mellado, anali atapanga kale chuma chambiri ndipo maudindo awiri oyamba a Guanajuato -Ios Marquesados de San Juan de Rayas ndi San Clemente-, anali Mina de Valenciana Yemwe adakwanitsa kuyika mzindawu pamwamba pamalo opangira siliva apadziko lapansi. Kupezekanso mu 1760, inali yopanga zokwanira kuti isapangitse zigawo zitatu zokha za Valenciana, Casa RuI ndi Pérez Gálvez-, komanso kumanga nyumba zambiri, monga kachisi wa Company of Jesus, Presa de Ia Olla, tchalitchi cha Belén, kachisi ndi nyumba ya masisitere ya San Cayetano de Valenciana ndi Casa Mercedaria de Mellado yemwe adatchuka mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 18.
Misewu yake yapansi panthaka, imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri ku Guanajuato, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino ndipo idapangidwa chifukwa cha ubale wapadera ku America pakati pa nzika ndi madzi. Kuphatikizika uku kumakhazikitsidwa pakuphatikizika kwachilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko, chosagwirizana komanso chosawoneka: mzindawo udavomereza kubadwa kwake ndi mtsinje wa canyon; Izi zidamupatsa madzi ofunikira pazomwe amachita komanso kupulumuka kwake, komanso zimawopseza ndi chiwonongeko ndi imfa. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu kusefukira kwamadzi kudasesa mzindawo ndi mphamvu ya mtsinjewo, kuwononga nyumba, akachisi ndi njira, masoka makamaka chifukwa choti malowa adathawa kuchoka pamlingo wofanana ndi bedi lamtsinje, ndipo mtsinjewu udadzaza ndi zinyalala. m'migodi, sakanatha kukhala ndimadzi okwiyitsa nthawi yamvula. Chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi mu 1760, chikumbumtima cha anthu chidadzutsidwa kuti athetse mavuto akuluwa. Limodzi mwa mayankho omwe adaperekedwa ndikuti atseke mtsinjewo ndi matanthwe olimba osachepera 10 m kutalika m'mbali yonse yamatawuni a mtsinjewu. Ntchito ya titanic idaphatikizapo kusintha gawo loyambirira la Guanajuato ndikubisa zigawo zikuluzikulu za mzindawu, ndikukhazikitsanso malowo ndikumanga nyumba zakale, zomwe zidawatsutsa anthu omwe akuwopa kusowa kwa nyumba zawo ndi katundu wawo. Pomaliza, idasinthidwa chifukwa chokwera mtengo komanso kovuta kukhazikitsa kwake. Komabe, tsogolo losakhazikika silinalole kuti padutse nthawi yochulukirapo, chifukwa tsoka lina, chigumula chachikulu cha 1780, chidasiyanso chipasuko ndiimfa ndikumakakamiza kuchitidwa kwa ntchitozi, motero kuyamba ndi kusintha koyamba pamlingo womwe kudavutika. kupyola mzindawo pomwe pompopompo panali kuwononga kwambiri: nyumba ya masisitere ya San Diego de Alcalá.
Mwanjira imeneyi, anthu adaona nyumba yonse ya amonke ndi nyumba zake zopempherera zinayi ndi tchalitchi chake chachikulu, atrium ndi lalikulu la Dieguinos, nyumba ndi misewu yoyandikana nayo ikuikidwa. Ntchitoyo itamalizidwa mu 1784, kachisi watsopanoyu adapeza kutalika m'litali ndi kutalika, komanso kachikwama kakang'ono kozungulira ka octagonal ndi chozungulira chake cha Rococo; Msonkhanowu ndi nyumba zake zopemphereramo zidatsegulidwanso ndipo bwalolo - lomwe pazaka zambiri likhala nyumba ya Jardin de la Unión - lidatsegulidwa kuti azisangalala ndi nzika za kumeneko.
Kukonzanso koyamba kwa mizinda ikamalizidwa, masoka otsatirawa adachitika mzaka khumi zapitazi komanso mzaka zonse zotsatira, zomwe zidatsimikizira kukhazikika kwake: mzinda wa Baroque wazaka za m'ma 1800 udayikidwa, kusunga zomangamanga zochepa m'mizinda yayitali komanso yapamwamba kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi mawonekedwe ofikira ku Guanajuato nthawi zambiri amakhala achikhalidwe. Kukhalapo kwakukulu kwa likulu mzaka zoyambirira zam'zaka za zana la 19 kudawonekera pomangidwanso kwa nyumbazo ndikukonzanso zipilala zawo. Chithunzichi chikupitirirabe mpaka pano chifukwa, mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika ndi oyandikana nawo a León, Celaya ndi Acámbaro, mzaka za zana la 20 kunalibe chuma chokwanira mzindawu "kuchikongoletsa", kusunga chuma cha aliyense molakwika Amatchedwa mawonekedwe achikoloni.
Mbiri ya m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi yofunika kwambiri ku Guanajuato monga nyengo yabwino kwambiri yachigawenga: zaka makumi khumi zoyambirira zinali zachuma komanso chuma, zomwe kubadwa kwa neoclassical kunatha kupezerapo mwayi pakupanga zotsatsa zazikulu, monga Palacio Condal de Casa RuI. komanso wopambana Alhóndiga de Granaditas. Munali munyumbayi momwe wansembe Miguel Hidalgo ndi anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito m'migodi ndi alimi adagonjetsa peninsular, motero kupangitsa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kupambana kwawo koyamba. Kutenga nawo mbali kwa wogwira ntchito m'migodi wotchedwa "EI Pípila," yemwe adatsegula njira kuti zigawenga zilowe mkati mwa Alhóndiga, zinali zofunikira kwambiri; Ngakhale munthuyu adachotsedwa posachedwa m'mabuku a mbiriyakale, ndiye chizindikiro chenicheni chomenyera ufulu wa anthu aku Guanajuato: kulimba mtima kwake kudasanduka nthano yamwala, amateteza tsogolo la mzindawo ku Cerro de San Miguel.
Ngakhale zabwino zosatsutsika zomwe Kudziyimira kunabweretsa kudzikolo, zotsatira zake zinali zoyipa kwambiri ku Guanajuato. Mzindawu wokhala ndi zabwino komanso migodi yake idawonongeka kwambiri pachuma chake: pafupifupi palibe miyala yomwe idapangidwa, minda yothandizirayo idasiyidwa ndikuwonongeka, ndipo zolowetsa zidasowa m'derali. Ndi a Lucas Alamán okha omwe amapereka yankho lokonzanso mayendedwe azachuma polimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa makampani amigodi okhala ndi likulu la Chingerezi. Pambuyo pake, Porfirio Díaz atapambana, maziko amakampani akunja adalimbikitsidwanso, omwe adapatsa mzindawu bonanza ina, yowonekera pomanga nyumba zachifumu za Paseo de Ia Presa woyengedwa, komanso nyumba zapamwamba za Porfiriato zomwe Guanajuato wapatsidwa kutchuka kwapadziko lonse lapansi: Teatro Juárez, wokongola kwambiri, m'modzi mwa okongola kwambiri ku Republic, mwatsoka ali pamigodi yamisasa ya Dieguino; Nyumba Yachifumu ya Congress ndi Chikumbutso cha Mtendere ku Plaza Meya, komanso nyumba yayikulu yazitsulo ya Msika wa Hidalgo.
Kuzungulira kwakale kumatsekanso ku Guanajuato; Titafika ku bonanza ina yasiliva, magulu ankhondo asokoneza mtendere ndi bata la Republic. Revolution ya 1910 idadutsa mu mzindawu, kuthamangitsa oyendetsa ndalama zakunja, zomwe, limodzi ndi mavuto azachuma komanso kutsika kwamitengo yasiliva, zidapangitsa kuti kusiya kwa migodi komanso gawo lalikulu lakhazikitsidwe. Kutha kusowa ndikukhala tawuni ina yamzukwa, monga ena ambiri m'makona adziko lino.
Kuchira kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwa amuna ena omwe adayika talente yawo yonse kutsitsimutsa malowa. Ntchito zazikulu zimalimbikitsa ndi kuteteza mpando wa State Powers; Nthawi zonse ziwiri za Boma zimamanga nyumba yaposachedwa ya Autonomous University of Guanajuato - chizindikiro chosatsimikizika cha anthu - ndikutsegulira mtsinjewo - wosefukira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19 - pakupanga mtsempha wamagalimoto womwe umatha magalimoto obwera: Miguel Hidalgo msewu wapansi panthaka.
Posachedwa, monga kuyimilira koyenera, Declaration of the City of Guanajuato ngati World Heritage Site idayang'anitsitsa zipilala zakale, zomwe, kuphatikiza migodi yoyandikana nayo, zidakwera pamwambapa. Pofika mu 1988 Guanajuato adalembedwa, nambala 482, pa UNESCO World Heritage List, yomwe imaphatikizapo mizinda yolemera kwambiri pazikhalidwe. Izi zakhudza ma Guanajuatense kuti awunikenso cholowa chawo chachikulu.
Chikumbumtima cha anthu chadzutsidwa ndikudziwa kuti kusunga zakale zamtsogolo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidzayamikiridwa ndi mibadwo yotsatira. Nyumba zambiri zachipembedzo ndi zomanga nyumba zakonzedwanso ndikukonzanso ndi eni ake, ndikupangitsa kuti ukhale wowala kwambiri mzindawu.
Pokhazikitsa magulu aboma omwe agwira ntchito yofulumira ngati imeneyi, kupulumutsidwa kwa katundu wosunthika wa fukoli kwalimbikitsidwa, kuyimiridwa ndi zopereka zambirimbiri zamakachisi a Guanajuato, zokongoletsera zawo ndi zida zawo: ziwalo zonse za tubular za Viceroyalty yomwe ili mderalo idabwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiranso ntchito, kuphatikiza pakupulumutsa pafupifupi 80 kuyambira koyambirira kwa kachisi wa Sosaiti ya Yesu ndi 25 yaku San Diego, yomwe, yomwe idakonzedweratu, idayikidwa mkachisi womwewo mdera lina. yapangidwa kuti iteteze kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka. Izi zidatheka chifukwa chothandizana ndi anthu komanso mabungwe aboma: mabungwe azinsinsi monga Guanajuato Patrimonio de Ia Humanidad, AC ndi nzika zina zodzipereka, ndi Boma la State, Secretariat for Social Development ndi University of Guanajuato.
Kusungidwa kwa zikhalidwe zowonekera m'mbiri yolemera yamzindawu kudzatilola kuwonetsa mtsogolomo nthawi zamabonanzas akulu amchigawo chamigodi, nyengo zake zabwino zachuma komanso kusintha kwachuma.
Kukula kopitilira muyeso kwa mbiri yakale ya Guanajuato kumatsalira osati m'malemba okha, komanso pokumbukira ndi chikumbumtima cha nzika zake, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi malo osungira chuma chambiri komanso udindo wopulumutsa nyumbazi ndi katundu wosunthika, womwe tsopano ndi udindo wa umunthu wonse.
