Ku Mexico, chodabwitsa chaimfa chabweretsa zikhulupiriro, miyambo ndi miyambo.
Pakadali pano, makamaka makamaka kumadera akumidzi komanso kumatauni, zikondwerero za Tsiku la Akufa zikuchitikabe. Maguwa amapangidwa ndi kukongoletsedwa m'nyumba ndipo amapereka nsembe kumanda.
Ndi kubwera kopanda mtendere kwachikhalidwe chakumadzulo, zikhulupiriro zakale zidayamba kuphatikiza ndi lingaliro la moyo wamtsogolo, kusintha kwa mzimu wa womwalirayo komwe kudikire tsiku lachiweruzo chomaliza, pomwe zotsalira zawo zimatsalira m'manda.
Chifukwa chake pamakhala mchitidwe wouika m'manda m'manda womwe ndi mwambo womwe unayambika nthawi yamanda. Mwambo wamaliro womwe, panthawi ina uyamba kuphimbidwa ndi zaluso, udzachitidwa m'nkhaniyi.
Kukula kwa luso lamanda
Ku Mexico, miyambo yoika maliro m'manda idachitidwa mkati ndi m'malo ampingo.
Chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha malirowa chikhoza kuwonedwa lero, makamaka, pambali pa tchalitchi chachikulu cha Cathedral of Mérida. Pansi pali, pansi pamiyala yambiri yamiyala ndi miyala ya onekisi yokhala ndi chizindikiritso cha anthu omwe adayikidwa pamenepo. Chizolowezi ichi chidayamba kuonedwa ngati chamisala, chomwe chidaletsedwa munthawi yaulamuliro wa Juarista, ndikupatsa manda wamba.
M'chikhalidwe chakumadzulo komanso kuyambira nthawi yamanda, manda adapangidwa ngati malo opitilira pomwe anthu akufa amadikirira moleza mtima tsiku lachiweruzo chomaliza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mandawo adakutidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazokongoletsa (zosemasema, ma epitaph okhala ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana, kupenta, ndi zina zambiri) zomwe zimakhala ndi chisonyezo chokhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimachitika pakufa komanso zamtsogolo za mzimu wa akufa. wakufa Zojambula pamanda izi zasintha, chifukwa mwanjira zina "zachikunja" (zipilala zosweka ndi zipilala, mitengo - misondodzi - ndi nthambi zosweka, ma urinema, olira, zigaza) kuchuluka kwa angelo ndi miyoyo, mitanda ndi zizindikilo za chiwombolo. Masiku owoneka bwino ojambula komanso zolemba pamanja amapezeka m'manda aku Mexico kuyambira pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi mpaka zaka zoyambirira za pano, m'masiku athu ano kuli milandu yokhayokha, popeza maliro akhala okhazikika komanso osauka malinga ndi mawonekedwe apulasitiki. .
Izi zikuyimira kukongoletsa, koma ndi maumboni ena omwe amatilozera ku gulu la malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zamagulu omwe adapanga.
Zojambula zazikuluzikulu zomwe zojambula pamaliro zimawonetsedwa pano zimaperekedwa, mwazithunzi, malinga ndi ziwonetsero za anthropomorphic (zina mwazosema bwino kwambiri pamtunduwu zimachokera kwa osema aku Italiya, monga Ponzanelli, ku Pantheon Francés de La Piedad, waku Mexico City ndi Biagi, ku Municipal Pantheon of Aguascalientes), nyama, zomera ndi zinthu - mkati mwake muli zomangamanga ndi zofanizira -. "zofunda", zidutswa zomwe, monga a Jesús Franco Carrasco ananenera m'buku lake La Loza Funeraria de Puebla kuti: "Ndi ... mipando yachikondi yomwe imazungulira wakufayo".
Zithunzi za anthropomorphic
Imodzi mwa mitundu yoyimira munthu wakufayo ndi chithunzi, chomwe chitha kutenga mawonekedwe osema kapena kujambula pomwe, atalumikizidwa ndi mwala wamanda kapena mkatikati mwa manda, pali chithunzi cha womwalirayo.
Chitsanzo cha zifaniziro zojambulidwa mu gulu la Mérida ndi chosema cha mwana Gerardo de Jesús yemwe, patsogolo pa fano la Namwali Maria, wanyamula mtanda ndi maluwa ena pachifuwa pake, chizindikiro cha kuyera kwaukhanda kwa moyo wa womwalirayo.
Kuyimira olira
Chiwerengero cha olira ndi chimodzi mwazithunzi zodziwika bwino m'zaka za zana la 19.
Cholinga chachikulu pakulongosola kwake ndikuimira kukhazikika kwa abale pafupi ndi malo omaliza achibale awo omwe adamwalira, monga chizindikiro chachikondi ndi ulemu pokumbukira.
Ziwerengerozi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kuyambira pazithunzi zazimayi zomwe zimaweramira, zokhumudwa, pamaso pa mabokosi (Joseph Suárez de Rivas manda, 1902. Mérida Municipal Pantheon), kwa iwo omwe amawoneka akugwada, akupemphera, ndi zomwe zathandiza kuti mpumulo moyo wosatha wa womwalirayo. Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu, m'mawonekedwe osema, ndi manda a Álvaro Medina R. (1905, Mérida Municipal Pantheon). Akuyenera kuti wamwalira, pabedi lake lakufa ndikuphimbidwa ndi nsalu, pomwe mkazi wake amawoneka, akukweza chophimba kumaso kwake kuti alankhule zomaliza.
Kuyimira mizimu ndi angelo
Zithunzi zojambulidwa za mizimu zitha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe apulasitiki opambana kwambiri, monga momwe zimachitikira ndi manda am'banja la Caturegli, ku La Piedad Pantheon, pomwe chithunzi chachikazi chikuwoneka kuti chikuwulukira pamtanda. Ziwerengero za angelo zimakwaniritsa ntchito yothandiza wakufayo popita kumoyo wamtsogolo. Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira ma psychopompos, mngelo wochititsa wa mizimu ku paradiso (Manda a Manuel Arias-1893 ndi Ma. Del Carmen Luján de A.-1896-Chapel la Mbuye Waumulungu. Mérida, Yuc.).
Woyimira bwino ndi manda a Mai Ma. De la Luz Obregón ndi Don Francisco de Paula Castañeda (1898). Manda onsewa ali mkati mwa Municipal Pantheon ku Guanajuato, Gto. Mwa iye, mbali yake, mutha kuwona chithunzi cha kukula kwa moyo wa mngelo akuloza kumwamba, pomwe manda a Don Francisco akuwonetsa chosema cha mkazi wokongola yemwe atsalira atatsamira pafupi ndi mtanda, ndikuyang'ana mwamtendere kulunjika kumwamba. Zithunzi zojambulazo zidapangidwa ndi wosema J. Capetta ndi Ca de Guadalajara.
Zithunzi zofananira, nyama ndi zomera
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri zomwe zimayimira chigaza chobowoleza ndi zolembera zingapo. Nkhani yofananayi yonena za zotsalira za akufa, za "achikunja" komanso chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu zakumwalira, ili ndi kupezeka kwina pamiyala yamanda akale a manda ku Chilapa, Gro. Mwa miyala yamanda 172 (70% yathunthu) yopangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19, chigaza chikuwonekera mwa 11 mwa iwo, ndi masiku kuyambira 1864 mpaka 1889. Pakhonde la Municipal Pantheon of Guanajuato, mu mphepo yake, palinso zigaza zingapo Zofanana.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe anyama zomwe ndalemba ndi nkhunda, yomwe imayimira mzimu wa womwalirayo pothawira kumwamba, ndipo mwanawankhosa -ogwirizana ndi chithunzi cha Khristu mwana, yemwe ali "ngati fanizo la M'busa Wabwino" - (Ramírez, op .cit.: 198).
Masamba amatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe ndiyofunika kuwunikira ya mitengo, nthambi ndi zimayambira - mwa mawonekedwe a korona kapena malire - ndi maluwa, mwa mawonekedwe amaluwa, maluwa kapena okha. Kuyimilira kwa mitengo yoduladuka ndikokhudzana ndi Mtengo wa Moyo ndi miyoyo yodulidwa.
Zomangamanga ndi zizindikilo
Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wina wazodzikongoletsa pamanda, palinso zojambula zina zomwe zimafotokoza za chizindikiro china. Kukhazikika kwa khomo la manda ngati chitseko cha kumanda kapena kudziko lamtsogolo, monga Puerta deI Hade (Ibid: 203), amapezeka manda a mwana Humberto Losa T. (1920) wa Municipal Pantheon of Mérida komanso mu mausoleum a Banja la Reyes Retana, ku French Pantheon ku Ia Piedad.
Zipilala zosweka zimatanthauza "lingaliro lantchito yogwira yomwe yasokonezedwa ndi imfa" (Ibid., Log. Cit.) (Tomb of Stenie Huguenin de Cravioto, Pachuca Municipal Pantheon, Hgo.), Ngakhale m'manda angapo amapezeka Kuyimilira kwa mipingo pamanda (Mérida Municipal Pantheon), mwina pokumbukira gawo lomwe nyumbazi zidachita poyambira mwambo wamaliro mdziko lathu.
Ponena za zikho kapena zizindikilo za akatswiri kapena zamagulu, zizindikilo zamtunduwu, zofananira ndi zochitika zapadziko lapansi za womwalirayo, m'manda a Mérida malo osungidwira mamembala a malo ogona a Masonic amatha kuwonekera.
Zinthu zofananira komanso zokutira
Pali zinthu zingapo zojambulidwa zomwe zimatanthawuza zizindikilo zokhudzana ndi imfa, kufooka komanso kusinthasintha kwa moyo, kuchepa kwa nthawi, ndi zina zambiri. Pakati pawo, tifunika kutchula magalasi okhala ndi mapiko (monga khonde la manda akale a Taxco), ma scythe, ma urner ama cinner, tochi yosandulika. Zithunzi zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri, popeza manda ena amapangidwanso pamanda.
Khonde lenileni la Manda a Mtanda, mumzinda wa Aguascalientes, ntchito ya womanga nyumba Refugio Reyes, ndi chitsanzo chabwino chogwiritsa ntchito fanizo lakumapeto kwa kukhalapo: kalata yayikulu ya omega, yomwe ikusonyeza kutha kwa moyo. , (pomwe chilembo cha alpha chimatanthauza chiyambi) chosemedwa pamiyala ya pinki, chimalola kufikira kumanda.
Chophimbacho, monga cholembedwa, adachitidwa mokongola kwambiri ndi Jesús Franco Carrasco, yemwe amafufuza, mu ntchito yomwe yatchulidwayi, mawonekedwe ndi tanthauzo lomwe mawonetseredwe okongoletsawa adapeza.
Mwangozi, chifanizo cha chinsalucho chidandilimbikitsa kuti ndiyambe kufufuza zaluso lamaliro ndipo ndicho chinsalu chomwe chidapangitsa Franco kuti ayambire yekha kufunsa. Epitaph yomwe ndidapeza idalembedwa mu 1903, pomwe ku Toxtepec, Pue., Kumene Franco amatchula, kwatha zaka 4 zokha.
Ndimalemba chovala cham'mbuyomu kuti ndimalize izi:
Imani wokwera!
Bwanji ukupita osalankhula ndi ine?
Inde chifukwa ndimachokera kumtunda koma inu sindinu nyama
Mumafulumizitsa sitepe yanu mopepuka
Mundimvere kwa mphindi
Pempho lomwe ndimapanga ndi lalifupi komanso lodzifunira,
Ndipempherereni Atate Wathu ndi chovala
Ndipo pitilizani kuguba kwanu ... ndikudikirirani pano!
Chitsime: Mexico mu Time No. 13 Juni-Julayi 1996
