Ponena za chiyambi ndi tanthauzo la dzinalo, chilichonse chikuwonetsa kuti Querétaro ndi mawu omwe amachokera ku chilankhulo cha Purépecha ndipo amatanthauza "masewera a mpira" (monga Tlachco ku Nahuatl ndi Nda-maxeien Otomí).
Pachikhalidwe, dera la Querétaro nthawi zonse linali dziko la Otomi, koma atamva zakugonjetsedwa kwa Mexico-Tenochtitlan, magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala m'derali adaganiza zosiya mzindawo kuti alowe m'malo akumpoto, kuti achoke kwa ambuye atsopanowo. Moyo wawo udasintha kwambiri, popeza sanangosiya katundu wawo ndi katundu wawo, komanso adapereka moyo wawo wongokhala osaka, monga a Chichimecas. Ponena za chiyambi ndi tanthauzo la dzinalo, chilichonse chikuwonetsa kuti Querétaro ndi mawu omwe amachokera ku chilankhulo cha Purépecha ndipo amatanthauza "masewera a mpira" (monga Tlachco ku Nahuatl ndi Nda-maxeien Otomí). Mwachikhalidwe, dera la Querétaro nthawi zonse linali dziko la Otomi, koma atamva zakugonjetsedwa kwa Mexico-Tenochtitlan, magulu angapo omwe amakhala m'derali adaganiza zosiya mzindawo kuti alowe m'malo akumpoto, kuti achoke kwa ambuye atsopanowo. Moyo wawo udasintha kwambiri, popeza sanangosiya katundu wawo ndi katundu wawo, komanso adapereka moyo wawo wongokhala osaka, monga a Chichimecas.
Mzinda wapano wa Querétaro uli paphiri lomwe lili pakhomo lolowera kuchigwa chaching'ono, kutalika kwa mita 1 830 pamwamba pamadzi. Nyengo ndi yabwino ndipo nthawi zambiri mvula imagwa nthawi zonse pachaka. Madera ozungulira mzindawu amakhala owoneka ngati chipululu, pomwe zomera zimayimiriridwa ndi cacti wamitundu yambiri. Chiwerengero chake pakadali pano chili pakati pa 250 ndi 300,000 anthu, ogawidwa pafupifupi 30 km2. Ntchito zazikulu zachuma ndimakampani, ulimi, komanso malonda.
MBIRI
Wopambana woyamba ku Spain kudzafika m'chigwachi mu 1531 anali Hernán Pérez de Bocanegra ndipo adachita izi ndi gulu la azungu aku Purépecha ndi Otomí ochokera ku Acámbaro, omwe adaganiza zopeza tawuni.
Chifukwa chotsutsana pakati pa a Pames ndi a Spaniards (ndi anzawo), a Conín, Otomí Pochteca wakale, adasandulika Chikhristu ndikubatizidwa ndi dzina laku Spain la Hernando de Tapia.
A Don Hernando de Tapia ndiye omwe adayambitsa tawuni yoyamba ya Querétaro yodziwika ndi Crown (1538), koma chifukwa cha momwe dzikolo lidakhalira, pambuyo pake, mu 1550, anthu adasamukira komwe kuli malo ake okongola lero. mbiri. Mndandanda wa anthu onse chifukwa cha Juan Sánchez de Alanís.
Pakapita nthawi, Querétaro adakhala mpando wa nyumba zachifumu zambiri ndi zipatala, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Pali Afranciscans, Jesuits, Augustinians, Dominican, Discalced Carmelites, ndi ena.
Imodzi mwa nyumba zofunika kwambiri zachipembedzo mumzinda uno, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 16, ndi nyumba ya Santa Cruz, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa kupembedza kwa Holy Cross of the Conquest. Komabe, kwa nthawi yayitali nyumbayi idamangidwa ndipo sizidafike mpaka theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri kuti idamalizidwa (kachisi ndi nyumba ya masisitere). Pamapeto pake, kuchokera pano amishonale odziwika adachoka omwe adakatekisita kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa ufumu wa New Spain: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Alta California, Guatemala ndi Nicaragua. Nyumba ina yokongola komanso yofunika kwambiri ndi Royal Convent ya Santa Clara, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri (1607) ndi Don Diego Tapia (mwana wa Conín), kuti mwana wake wamkazi akwaniritse ntchito yake yachipembedzo.
Mosiyana ndi mizinda ina ndi zigawo za New Spain, Querétaro anali ndi chitukuko chachuma kuyambira zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, nthawi yomwe ndalama zambiri zidapangidwa kuti amangenso nyumba zam'zaka zapitazo, zomwe zidayamba kuchuluka kuposa anthu olemera . Kuyambira theka loyambirira la zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, a Queretans adapempha dzina la mzinda kuti ukhale ndi anthu, koma King of Spain (Felipe V) sanatulutse chilolezocho mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu (1712), pomwe adachipatsa dzina loti Wolemekezeka Kwambiri ndi Wotchuka Kwambiri Mzinda Wokhulupirika wa Santiago de Querétaro.
Chuma chambiri komanso chikhalidwe chomwe mzindawu udakhala nacho chikuwonetsedwa munyumba zake zabwino zachipembedzo komanso zachikhalidwe. Ntchito zazikulu zachuma za Querétaro zinali, kumadera akumidzi, ulimi komanso kuweta ziweto zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, komanso m'mizinda ndikupanga nsalu zabwino kwambiri komanso malonda kwambiri. Querétaro ndi San Miguel el Grande panthawiyo anali malo opangira nsalu; Kumeneko, sizinangokhala zovala za ogwira ntchito m'migodi komanso alimi aku Guanajuato am'nthawi ya olowa m'malo opangidwa ndi zigawenga, koma nsalu zabwino zomwe zilinso ndi msika kumadera ena a New Spain.
Ndipo ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, Querétaro nthawi zonse amakhala zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidapitilira mbiri yadziko. M'zaka zoyambirira za zana la XIX mumzinda uno misonkhano kapena misonkhano yomwe inali chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yodziyimira payokha ku New Spain idachitika. Mmodzi mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali pamisonkhanoyi anali wamkulu wa a Dragons a Mfumukazi Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, yemwe anali mnzake wapamtima wa a corregidora Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. Pamapeto pake, adzakhala otsogolera gulu lankhondo la 1810.
Monga amadziwika kwa aliyense, usiku wa Seputembara 15, 1810, a Corregidora adadziwitsa a Captain Allende kuti chiwembu cha Querétaro chidapezeka ndi boma la viceregal, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ufulu wodziyimira pawokha uyambe kale kuposa momwe amayembekezera. . Bwanamkubwa wa Querétaro, a Ignacio Pérez, ndi omwe adapita ku San Miguel el Grande kuti akachenjeze Allende, koma atamupeza, adasunthira limodzi ndi Captain Juan Aldama kupita ku Mpingo wa Dolores (lero Dolores Hidalgo), komwe kuli Allende ndi Hidalgo. amene adaganiza zoyamba gulu lankhondo m'mawa wa Seputembara 16.
Nkhondo itayamba komanso chifukwa cha malipoti akuti wolowa m'malowo adalandira chiwopsezo cha a Queretans, mzindawu udatsalira m'manja mwa olamulira achifumuwo, ndipo zidafika mpaka mu 1821 pomwe gulu lodziyimira palokha lotsogozedwa ndi General Agustín de Iturbide lingalilande. . Mu 1824 gawo la Querétaro wakale lidalengezedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa mayiko omwe angapange Republic of United Mexico States yomwe yangopangidwa kumene.
Komabe, zaka zoyambirira za Republic sizinali zophweka. Maboma oyamba aku Mexico anali osakhazikika choncho chifukwa chake mavuto ambiri andale adayamba omwe adakhazikitsa mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Querétaro, yomwe chifukwa chakuyandikira kwawo ku Mexico City, nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi ziwawa.
Pambuyo pake, mu 1848, Querétaro ndi pomwe panali mgwirizano wamtendere womwe udasainidwa ndi United States of America, dziko lathu litawonongedwa. Inalinso bwalo lofunikira panthawi yolowerera ku France komanso ufumu wa Maximilian. Mzindawu ndiwomwe unali chopinga chomaliza chomwe gulu lankhondo laku Republican lidagonjetsa maulamuliro.
Pafupifupi zaka 20 zidadutsa kuti mzindawu uyambitsenso ntchito yomanganso nyumba zingapo zomwe zidasiyidwa pamipikisano yayikulu pakati pa osunga ufulu ndi omasuka. Monga m'mizinda ina yambiri mdzikolo, a Porfiriato adayimira nthawi yobwerera ku Querétaro pankhani yazomangamanga ndi zamatawuni; ndiye mabwalo, misika, nyumba zapamwamba, ndi zina zambiri adamangidwa.
Apanso, chifukwa cha gulu lankhondo la 1910, Querétaro adawona zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Mexico. Pazifukwa zachitetezo, pa February 2, 1916, a Don Venusiano Carranza adalengeza kuti mzindawu ndi likulu la maboma azigawo za Republic. Chaka chimodzi ndi masiku atatu pambuyo pake, Theatre of the Republic inali malo olengeza Malamulo andale aku United Mexico, chikalata chomwe mpaka pano chikupitilizabe kuwongolera miyoyo ya nzika zonse zaku Mexico.
MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI ZA KUSANGALALA PAYENDEDWE
Kuyenda kudutsa ku Querétaro kumatha kuchitika m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma chinthu choyenera kwambiri ndikuyamba pakati. Ku Plaza de la Constitución pali malo oimikapo magalimoto komwe mungasiye galimoto yanu molimba mtima.
Mamita ochepa kuchokera potuluka pomwe panali malo oimikapo magalimoto, ndiye nyumba yachitetezo yakale ku San Francisco yomwe lero ndi likulu la Regional Museum, komwe mungakondwere ndi imodzi mwamagulu abwino kwambiri ojambula zithunzi za viceregal. Nyumbayi ndiyodziwika bwino kwambiri m'mbiri yamzindawu chifukwa mawonekedwe akale a tawuni yomwe Hernando de Tapia adayamba. Kumanga kwake kunatenga pafupifupi zaka khumi (1540-1550).
Komabe, nyumba yomangayi siyoyambirira ayi; ndi nyumbayi yomangidwanso mozungulira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi womanga nyumba wotchuka José de Bayas Delgado. Mwinamwake chokhacho chotsimikizika chokha cha m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi mwala wapinki pomwe chosema cha Santiago Apóstol chidalembedwa. Zipinda zogona za kachisiyu ndi chimodzi mwazitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za zomangamanga za a Bayas, omwe mu 1658 adayamba kugwira ntchito ndi mafalansa aku Franciscan pomanganso nyumba ya amonkeyo, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri mu kachisiyo.
Mukachoka mnyumbayi, tembenukani kumanja ndikuyenda ku Calle de 5 de Mayo. Kumeneku mudzapeza ntchito yaboma yolamulidwa kuti imangidwe mozungulira 1770 yofunikira kwambiri mbiri popeza inali likulu la Royal Nyumba zamzindawu. Koma mwina chochitika chodziwika bwino kwambiri ndichakuti kuyambira pano, pa Seputembara 14, 1810, mkazi wa meya wa mzindawo, Akazi a Joseph Ortiz de Domínguez, adatumiza uthenga ku San Miguel el Grande wopita kwa Captain Ignacio de Allende, kumudziwitsa kupezeka kwa pulani yopanga New Spain kudziyimira pawokha ku ufumu waku Spain. Lero ndi Nyumba Yaboma, mpando wa maulamuliro aboma.
M'misewu ya Libertad ndi Luis Pasteur pali Nyumba ya Don Bartolo (Ministry of Public Education), chitsanzo chabwino cha zomangamanga kuyambira nthawi ya olamulira, omwe anali ndi munthu wofunika kwambiri pachuma cha New Spain : a Marquis de Rayas don Bartolomé de Sardaneta y Legaspi, yemwe pamodzi ndi banja lake anali mpainiya waluso lazopangapanga mu migodi ya Guanajuato. Iwo ali ndi udindo pakumanga migodi yoyambirira yoyenda bwino, yomwe idachita bwino kwambiri pakukonza migodi ya viceregal.
Mosiyana ndi nyumba za m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu akachisi okhala ndi zokongoletsa zazikulu amamangidwa. Chojambula cha Kachisi wa San Agustín chimadziwika ndikuwonetsa matupi atatu omwe amatha ndi mtanda wophatikizidwa ndi mtanda wopachikidwa pamwala wapinki komanso wokongoletsedwa bwino. Kachisi uyu adamalizidwa mu 1736.
Mosakayikira imodzi mwanyumba zoyimilira kwambiri pamakonzedwe achipembedzo a Queretaro m'zaka za zana la 18th ndi Temple and Convent ya Santa Rosa de Viterbo, popeza matako ake kapena zouluka zouluka zimawonetsa chimodzi mwazinthu zomangamanga za nthawiyo, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zimange nyumba zazikulu komanso nthawi yomweyo ndikupanga zokongoletsa zamphamvu kwambiri, koma zokongola m'mitundu yawo.
Koma ngati mawonekedwe akunja amatisangalatsa, akunja amatisangalatsa; zida zake zopangira guwa m'zaka za zana la 18, zokongoletsedwa ndi kukoma kokoma, ndizopereka msonkho kubzala. Mitu, mitu, zitseko, zipilala, angelo ndi oyera mtima, chilichonse chimalowetsedwa ndi masamba agolide, maluwa ndi zipatso. Ndipo ngati sizinali zokwanira, guwa limakongoletsedwa kalembedwe ka A Moor okhala ndi amayi amtengo wapatali, minyanga ya njovu ndi nkhalango zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wopanga mwaluso kwambiri.
Dera lokongola komanso lotsitsimutsa la Alameda lidayamba nthawi yachiwiri-wachifumu, ngakhale m'kupita kwanthawi kwachitika zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zasintha mawonekedwe ake apachiyambi. Ndizotheka kuti adakongoletsedwa ndi mitundu ina yamitengo, popeza mitengo yabwino kwambiri yaku India yomwe masiku ano ili yobiriwira malo amtundu wa Alameda, kuyambira zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.
Tasiya ngalande mpaka kumapeto, chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chaukadaulo wamagetsi munthawi ya olowa m'malo chifukwa, mosakayikira, ndiye chipilala choyimira kwambiri mumzinda wa Querétaro. Omangidwa mkati mwa theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 18 ndi Marquis de la Villa del Villar del Águila kuti akwaniritse zosowa zazikulu za dzulo ndipo nthawi zonse, lero zikadali zazikulu, zowonekera pakati pa mbiri yamatawuni ya anthu.
Ngakhale sakugwiranso ntchito yake yoyambirira, palibe malo okhala mumzinda wa Querétaro pomwe ngalande yocheperako koma yolimba siyimilira. Zomangamanga zake 74 zowoneka ngati zida zomwe zikulandila aliyense amene akufuna kusangalala ndi maola osaiwalika.
Ulendo wawung'ono m'misewu ya Querétaro ungakhale ngati chokoma cha chakudya chokoma. Zili ndi inu, owerenga okondedwa, kuti musangalale ndi phwando lolemera la mawonekedwe, mitundu ndi mawonekedwe omwe madera akumzinda wa Querétaro amatipatsa. Kudya kwabwino.
Malo ena oyenera kuchezera ndi, mwachitsanzo, Kasupe wa Neptune, ntchito yochitidwa ndi katswiri wazomangamanga ku Guanajuato Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras mu 1797; Nyumba ya Agalu, yokhala kwa nthawi yayitali ndi Mariano de las Casas, m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino ku Querétaro; Casa de la Marquesa yomwe inkakhala mkazi wa Marquis del Villar, wopindulitsa mzindawo komanso wopanga ngalande; Great Theatre ya Republic; Nyumba Yakale Yakhumi; Nyumba ya Patios Asanu, ndi Nyumba ya Ecala.
Gwero: Unknown Mexico No. 224 / October 1995
