Nthawi yakhala yolumikizidwa ndi mabelu nthawi zonse. Kodi mukukumbukira mawotchi omwe amawonetsa nthawi yamasewera kapena chakudya tsiku lililonse kuyambira zaka makumi angapo zapitazo? Chifukwa chake mabelu adakhala gawo la moyo wachibadwidwe, kusungira, ngati sichizindikiro chawo chachipembedzo, gawo lawo monga chizindikiritso cha nthawi.
Liwu lachi Latin loti campanana lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula chinthu chomwe timachiyanjanitsa nacho lero. Tintinábulum ndi mawu onomatopoeic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi ya Ufumu wa Roma, yomwe imanena za phokoso lomwe mabelu amatulutsa akulira. Mawu oti belu adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu chikalata kuyambira zaka za 6th. Amodzi mwa malo omwe zida izi zimayambira kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi anali dera la Italy lotchedwa Campania, komwe dzinali lingatchulidwe kuti lizidziwike. Lang'anani, mabelu amatumizira "chizindikiro", monga zisonyezero za moyo wa kachisi, kuwonetsa maola a misonkhano ndi momwe ntchito zopatulika ziliri, monga chizindikiro cha mawu a Mulungu.
Mabelu ndi zida zoponya zomwe zimakwaniritsa ntchito yophiphiritsa kwa anthu onse. Kuphatikiza pa kuyeza nthawi, liwu lake limamveka mchinenedwe chapadziko lonse lapansi, lomveka ndi onse, ndikumveka komwe kumamveka koyera kotheratu, kuwonetsera kwamuyaya kwakumverera. Nthawi ina, tonse takhala tikudikirira "belu lolira" kuti lisonyeze kutha kwa nkhondoyi ... komanso "kupumula." Masiku ano, ngakhale mawotchi apakompyuta ndi ma synthesizers amatsanzira kulira kwa chimes zazikulu. Mosasamala kanthu za chipembedzo chomwe matchalitchi ali komwe amakweza mawu awo, mabelu amapereka uthenga wosatsutsika wamtendere kwa anthu onse. Malinga ndi nthano ya ku Flemish ya m'zaka za zana la 18, mabelu agwira ntchito zingapo: "kutamanda Mulungu, kusonkhanitsa anthu, kuyitanitsa atsogoleri achipembedzo, kulira maliro, kuthamangitsa miliri, kuletsa mikuntho, kuyimba mapwando, kusangalatsa omwe akuchedwa , khazikitsani mphepo ... "
Masiku ano, mabelu amaponyedwa kuchokera ku aloyi wamkuwa, ndiwo 80% yamkuwa, 10% malata, ndi 10% kutsogolera. Chikhulupiriro chakuti timbere tating'onoting'ono timadalira kukula kwakang'ono komwe kumakhala ndi golide ndi siliva sikuli nthano chabe. M'malo mwake, kukweza, belu ndi matimbidwe a belu zimadalira kukula kwake, makulidwe ake, kuyika kwachitsulo, kapangidwe kake ka aloyi, ndi njira yoponyera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Posewera ndi mitundu yonseyi - monga pophatikizira chime - nyimbo zapamwamba zitha kupezeka.
Kodi Bell Amalipira Ndani?
Chakumapeto kwa tsikulo, mabelu amafuna kuti azikumbukira komanso kupemphera. Mawu achisangalalo ndi aulemu amalemba zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Kulira kwa mabelu kumatha kukhala tsiku lililonse kapena kwapadera; mwa omalizira, pali mwambo, zikondwerero kapena kulira. Zitsanzo za anthu odzipereka ndi awa a Corpus Christi Lachinayi, Lachinayi Loyera, Woyera ndi Ulemerero Loweruka, kulira kwa Chiwukitsiro Lamlungu, ndi zina zambiri. Pomwe zimakhudza tchuthi, tili ndi mphete yomwe imaperekedwa yamtendere wapadziko lonse Loweruka lirilonse nthawi ya khumi ndi awiri koloko, ndiye kuti, nthawi yamapemphero apadziko lonse lapansi. Peal ina yachikhalidwe ili pa Ogasiti 15, tsiku lomwe chikondwerero chamatchalitchi chachikulu ku Mexico chimakondwerera, kukumbukira Kukwera kwa Namwali. Mwambo wina wosaiwalika ndi Disembala 8, womwe umakondwerera Mimba Yosakhazikika ya Maria. Komanso kulira kwa Disembala 12 sikungakhale kulibe, kukakondwerera Namwali wa Guadalupe. Mu Disembala kukondwerera kwa Khrisimasi, Khrisimasi ndi Chaka Chatsopano zimapangidwanso.
Kukhudza kwakukulu kumachitika ndi mabelu onse amatchalitchi akuluakulu, pomwe Vatican yalengeza zakusankhidwa kwa papa watsopano. Posonyeza kulira pakufa kwa papa, belu lalikulu limayimbidwa maulendo makumi asanu ndi anayi, ndikumayimba kamodzi kamodzi mphindi zitatu zilizonse. Pa imfa ya kadinala, gawo lake ndi zikwapu makumi asanu ndi limodzi zokhala ndi nthawi yomweyo, pomwe kufa kwamndandanda kuli zikwapu makumi atatu. Kuphatikiza apo, misa ya Requiem imakondwerera, pomwe mabelu amalipira maliro. Pa Novembala 2, timapempherera womwalirayo patsiku la chikondwerero chawo.
M'matchalitchi mabelu nthawi zambiri amafunsidwa pafupipafupi, tsiku lililonse: kuyambira pemphero la mbandakucha (pakati pa 4 koloko faifi koloko m'mawa), chomwe chimatchedwa "conventual misa" (pakati pa eyiti eyiti mpaka naini koloko), pemphero lamadzulo (cha m'ma 6 koloko) ndi kulira kukumbukira mizimu yodalitsika ya purigatoriyo (belu lomaliza lolira masana, pa eyiti koloko usiku).
Mabelu ku New Spain
Tiyeni tiwone mbiri yakale: Ku New Spain, pa Meyi 31, 1541, bungwe lazipembedzo linagwirizana kuti mphindi yakukweza wolandirayo iperekedwe ndi kulira kwa mabelu. "Angelus Domini", kapena "Mngelo wa Ambuye", ndi pemphero lolemekeza Namwali lomwe limanenedwa katatu patsiku (mbandakucha, masana ndi madzulo) ndipo limalengezedwa ndi ma chimes atatu a belu losiyanitsidwa ndi kupuma pang'ono. Phokoso la masana linakhazikitsidwa mu 1668. Kulira kwa tsiku ndi tsiku "nthawi ya 3 koloko" - pokumbukira imfa ya Khristu - kunakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1676. Kuyambira 1687, pemphero la m'mawa lidayamba kulira 4 koloko. m'mawa.
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mabelu adayamba kulipira akufa tsiku lililonse, nthawi ya 8 koloko madzulo. Kutalika kwa kulira kumadalira ulemu wa womwalirayo. Kulira kwa womwalirako kunachuluka kwakuti nthawi zina kumakhala kosapiririka. Boma lachitukuko lidapempha kuti mphetezi ziyimitsidwe pakakhala miliri ya nthomba ya 1779 komanso Asia kolera ya 1833.
Kukhudza kwa "pemphero" kapena "mwano" kunapangidwa kupempha Mulungu kuti athetse vuto lalikulu (monga chilala, miliri, nkhondo, kusefukira kwa madzi, zivomezi, mphepo zamkuntho, ndi zina zambiri); adayimbanso kulakalaka ulendo wabwino ku zombo zaku China komanso ku Spain. "Peal wamkulu" anali kukhudza kosangalala (ngati kuti kukondwerera kulowa kwa olowa m'malo, kubwera kwa zombo zofunika, kupambana pankhondo zolimbana ndi ma corsairs, ndi zina zambiri)
Pa zochitika zapadera, zomwe zimatchedwa "kupatukana" zidachitika (monga momwe zimakhalira pakubadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna wa viceroy). "Nthawi yofikira panyumba" inali yodziwitsa anthu nthawi yomwe amayenera kudzisonkhanitsa m'nyumba zawo (mu 1584 idaseweredwa kuyambira 9 mpaka 10 usiku; m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mwamwambo udakhalapo mpaka 1847). "Kukhudza kwamoto" kunaperekedwa milandu yamoto yayikulu munyumba iliyonse yomwe ili pafupi ndi tchalitchi chachikulu.
Mtengo wotalika kwambiri m'mbiri ya tchalitchi chachikulu ku Mexico akuti udachitika pa Disembala 25, 1867, pomwe kupambana kwa a Liberals pa Conservatives kudalengezedwa. Polimbikitsidwa ndi gulu la okonda ufulu, kulira kumayamba mbandakucha kuwala kusanadze, ndipo kumaseweredwa mosalekeza mpaka 9 koloko masana, pomwe adalamulidwa kuti ayime.
Mabelu ndi nthawi
Mabelu amamangiriridwa ku nthawi pazifukwa zingapo. Poyambirira, pali lingaliro lina la zomwe zingatchedwe "nthawi yakale", popeza ndi zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zaka zambiri kuyambira pomwe zidasungunuka, momwe ntchito yamaukadaulo idagwiritsidwa ntchito yomwe idasiya zidutswa zaluso zamtengo wapatali. Chachiwiri, "nthawi ya nthawi" sichitha kutulutsidwa, chifukwa chake mabelu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza nthawi pa wotchi kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo wapagulu wokhala ndi tanthauzo lachidziwitso kumudzi. Pomaliza, titha kunena kuti pali china chake ngati "nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito", ndiye kuti, nthawiyo "imagwiritsidwa ntchito", kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wake pogwiritsira ntchito chida: pamakhala nthawi yayitali pakuyenda kwa kumeta ubweya, kapena pali mphindi zodikira mbama ya chowomba pamlomo (chomwe chimamvekanso ndimafupipafupi a sinusoidal), kapena momwe magawo omwe zidutswa zingapo zimasewera pa chime amayang'aniridwa ndi kanthawi kochepa.
Panthawiyo, ku New Spain, amisiri osiyanasiyana amkagwira ntchito mgulu lomwelo: opanga ndalama, omwe angasinthe momwe munthu azigwirira ntchito yake; opanga mfuti, omwe pamodzi ndi ziwombankhanga amabwera kudzasintha luso la nkhondo; ndipo, pamapeto pake, zidutswa za smelters za zinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti "tintinabulum", zomwe zinali ngati ziwaya zopanda pake, zomwe zimatha kupanga phokoso losangalala kwambiri zikaloledwa kunjenjemera momasuka, komanso zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito polumikizana ndi milungu. Chifukwa chakusunthika kwawo, mabeluwo adakhala zinthu zothandiza kuyeza nthawi, kupanga gawo la mawotchi, nsanja za belu ndi chimes.
Mabelu athu otchuka kwambiri
Pali mabelu ena omwe amafunika kutchulidwa mwapadera. M'zaka za zana la 16, pakati pa 1578 ndi 1589, abale a Simón ndi a Juan Buenaventura adaponya mabelu atatu ku nyumba yayikulu ku Mexico, kuphatikiza Doña María, womwe ndi wakale kwambiri pachipindacho. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1600, pakati pa 1616 ndi 1684, tchalitchichi chinali chitakongoletsedwa ndi zidutswa zina zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu, kuphatikiza Santa María de los Ángeles yotchuka ndi María Santísima de Guadalupe. Pazosungidwa zakale za khonsolo yamzindawu, zolemba zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa oyambitsa mu 1654 kuti zimupatse momwe chidutswa choperekedwa kwa mayi wa Guadalupe chiyenera kusungidwabe. M'zaka za zana la 18, pakati pa 1707 ndi 1791, mabelu 17 anaponyedwa ku Cathedral of Mexico, ambiri mwa iwo ndi aphunzitsi a Salvador de la Vega, ochokera ku Tacubaya.
Ku tchalitchi chachikulu cha Puebla, mabelu akale kwambiri adayamba m'zaka za zana la 17 ndipo adaponyedwa ndi mamembala osiyanasiyana a banja la a Francisco ndi a Diego Márquez Bello, ochokera m'mfumu yodziwika bwino ya maziko a Puebla. Tiyenera kukumbukira miyambo yotchuka ku Angelópolis: "Kwa azimayi ndi mabelu, ma poblanas." Nthano imanenanso kuti, belu lalikulu la tchalitchi chachikulu cha mzinda wa Puebla litaikidwa, zidapezeka kuti silinakhudze; Komabe, usiku, gulu la angelo adatsitsa nalo kuchokera pa nsanja ya belu, adalikonza, ndikuliyikanso pamalo ake. Malo ena odziwika anali a Antonio de Herrera ndi a Mateo Peregrina.
Pakadali pano, palibe maphunziro aku bellology ku Mexico. Tikufuna kudziwa zambiri zazitsulo zomwe zidagwira ntchito ku Mexico mzaka mazana asanu zapitazi, maluso omwe adagwiritsa ntchito, mitundu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa, ndi zolemba zazidutswa zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ngakhale tikudziwa, za ena mwa smelters omwe ankagwira ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za zana la 16, Simón ndi Juan Buenaventura anali okangalika; m'zaka za zana la 17, "Parra" ndi Hernán Sánchez ankagwira ntchito; m'zaka za zana la 18 Manuel López, Juan Soriano, José Contreras, Bartolomé ndi Antonio Carrillo, Bartolomé Espinosa ndi Salvador de la Vega adagwira ntchito.
