Michoacán, "malo omwe nsomba zimachuluka," unali umodzi mwa maufumu akuluakulu komanso olemera kwambiri mdziko la Spain lisanachitike; madera ake ndi kufalikira kwa madera ake kunapereka malo okhala anthu osiyanasiyana, omwe zotsalira zawo zapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula mabwinja kumadzulo kwa Mexico.
Kufufuza kosalekeza kwamitundu yonse kumapereka mwayi kwa mlendoyo masomphenya athunthu owerengera zaka zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malo okhala anthu oyamba komanso ena omwe pambuyo pake anali ofanana ndi Ufumu wodziwika wa Purépecha.
Tsoka ilo, kufunkhidwa komanso kusowa kwa kafukufuku wambiri komwe kuli kofunikira mdera lofunika kwambiri ili, sikunaloleze kufikira pano kuti apereke masomphenya athunthu omwe akuwulula nthawi yomwe ikufanana ndi malo okhala anthu oyamba aja ndi omwe adayamba, omwe anali kupanga Ufumu wotchuka wa Purépecha. Madeti omwe amadziwika molondola amafanana ndi nthawi yam'mbuyo, kutatsala pang'ono kugonjetsedwa, komabe, chifukwa cha zikalata zolembedwa ndi alaliki oyamba ndikuti tikudziwa ndi dzina la "Ubale wa miyambo ndi miyambo ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi boma la Amwenye a m'chigawo cha Michoacán ”, zatheka kumanganso chithunzi chachikulu, mbiri yomwe imatilola kuti tiwone bwino, kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 15, chikhalidwe chomwe ndale ndi chikhalidwe chawo chidakhala chachikulu chotere , zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ufumu wamphamvuyonse wa Mexica usakhalepo.
Zina mwa zovuta zakumvetsetsa kwathunthu chikhalidwe cha a Michoacan zimakhala mchilankhulo cha Tarascan, chifukwa sizigwirizana ndi mabanja azilankhulo ku Mesoamerica; Chiyambi chake, malinga ndi ofufuza odziwika, chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi Quechua, chimodzi mwazilankhulo zazikulu ziwiri m'chigawo cha South America Andes. Ubalewo ukanakhala ndi poyambira pafupifupi zaka zikwi zinayi zapitazo, zomwe zimatilola ife kukana kuthekera kwakuti ma Tarascans afika, ochokera ku koni ya Andean koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1400 za nthawi yathu ino.
Cha m'ma 1300 AD, a Tarascans adakhazikika kumwera kwa basin Zacapu ndi Pátzcuaro basin, amasintha mosiyanasiyana pamakhalidwe awo omwe akuwonetsa kupezeka kwa mafunde osamukira omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala kalekale kumbuyo. A Nahuas adawatcha Cuaochpanme komanso Michhuaque, kutanthauza kuti "omwe ali ndi njira yayikulu m'mutu" (ometedwa), komanso "eni nsomba." Michuacan linali dzina lomwe adalipereka kwa anthu aku Tzintzuntzan okha.
Okhazikika ku Tarascan anali alimi komanso asodzi, ndipo mulungu wawo wamkulu anali mulungu wamkazi Xarátanga, pomwe osamukira omwe adapezeka m'zaka za zana la 13 anali osonkhanitsa komanso osaka omwe amalambira Curicaueri. Alimiwa ndiopadera ku Mesoamerica, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo - mkuwa - mu zida zawo zaulimi. Gulu la osaka nyama a Chichimeca-Uacúsechas adagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wopembedza womwe udalipo pakati pa milungu yomwe yatchulidwayi kuti iphatikize munthawi yomwe ikusintha njira zawo zodyera komanso kuchuluka kwawo pazandale, kufikira pomwe maziko a Tzacapu-Hamúcutin-Pátzcuaro adakwaniritsidwa , malo opatulika pomwe Curicaueri inali likulu la dziko lapansi.
Pofika zaka za zana la 15, iwo omwe anali olanda modabwitsa amakhala akulu-ansembe ndipo amakhala ndi chikhalidwe chongokhala; mphamvu imagawidwa m'malo atatu: Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio ndi Pátzcuaro. M'badwo wina pambuyo pake, mphamvu yayikidwa mmanja mwa Tzitzipandácure, ndi chikhalidwe cha mbuye yekhayo komanso wamkulu yemwe amapangitsa Tzintzuntzan likulu la ufumu, womwe kutambasuka kwake kumawerengedwa pa 70,000 km²; idakhudza madera ena a Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, México ndi Querétaro.
Kulemera kwa gawoli kudakhazikitsidwa makamaka pakupeza mchere, nsomba, obsidian, thonje; zitsulo monga mkuwa, golide, ndi cinnabar; zipolopolo, nthenga zabwino, miyala yobiriwira, koko, nkhuni, sera ndi uchi, zomwe Mexico idasilira ndi mgwirizano wawo wamphamvu wamitundu itatu, womwe udachokera ku Tlatoani Axayácatl (1476-1477) ndi omutsatira Ahuizotl (1480 ) ndi Moctezuma II (1517-1518), adachita nawo nkhondo zowopsa pamasiku omwe awonetsedwa, pofuna kugonjetsa ufumu wa Michoacán.
Kugonjetsedwa kotsatizana komwe anthu aku Mexico adachita pazomwe anenazi akuti a Cazonci anali ndi mphamvu zopambana kuposa mafumu amphamvuzonse a Mexico-Tenochtitlan, komabe pomwe likulu la ufumu wa Aztec lidagonjetsedwa ndi a Spain, kuyambira pomwe Amuna atsopano anali atagonjetsa mdani wodedwa koma wolemekezedwayo, ndipo atadziwitsidwa ndi tsogolo la dziko la Mexico, ufumu wa Purépecha unakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere ndi Hernán Cortés kuti athetse kuwonongedwa kwake; Ngakhale izi, omaliza mwa mafumu awo, omvetsa chisoni a Tzimtzincha-Tangaxuan II, yemwe atabatizidwa adalandira dzina la Francisco, adazunzidwa mwankhanza ndikuphedwa ndi purezidenti wa omvera oyamba ku Mexico, a Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán owopsa komanso otchuka .
Pakufika omvera achiwiri omwe asankhidwa ku New Spain, Oidor wake wowoneka bwino, loya Vasco de Quiroga, adalamulidwa mu 1533 kuti athetse mavuto omwe adawonongeka ku Michoacán mpaka nthawi imeneyo. Don Vasco, wodziwika bwino m'chigawochi komanso nzika zake, adagwirizana kuti asinthe zikalata za woweruza milandu kuti akhale wansembe ndipo mu 1536 adayikidwa kukhala bishopu, ndikuyika koyamba padziko lapansi m'njira yeniyeni komanso yothandiza, malingaliro opangidwa ndi Santo Tomás Moro , yotchedwa Utopia. Tata Vasco - kukhazikitsidwa koperekedwa ndi nzika- mothandizidwa ndi Fray Juan de San Miguel ndi Fray Jacobo Daciano, adakonza magulu omwe adalipo, adakhazikitsa zipatala, masukulu ndi matauni, kufunafuna malo awo abwino ndikulimbikitsa misika yonse. zamanja.
Munthawi ya atsamunda, Michoacán adakula bwino m'gawo lalikulu lomwe panthawiyo amakhala ku New Spain, chifukwa chake luso lake lazachuma, zachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu zidakhudza madera angapo a federation. Luso la atsamunda lomwe lidachita bwino ku Mexico ndi losiyanasiyana komanso lolemera kotero kuti mabuku osatha aperekedwa omwe amawasanthula onse komanso makamaka; yomwe idachita bwino ku Michoacán yawululidwa m'mabuku ambiri apadera. Popeza chikhalidwe choulula chomwe cholembedwa cha "Unknown Mexico" chili, ichi ndi "mawonekedwe a mbalame" omwe amatipangitsa ife kudziwa chuma chambiri chachikhalidwe chomwe chimayimilidwa ndi zojambula zake zingapo zomwe zidatuluka munthawi ya olowa m'malo.
Mu 1643 Fray Alonso de la Rea adalemba kuti: "Komanso (a Tarascans) ndi omwe adapereka Thupi la Khristu Ambuye Wathu, chithunzi chowoneka bwino kwambiri chomwe anthu adachiwonapo." Omwe anali olimba mtima amafotokoza motere ziboliboli zopangidwa potengera nzimbe, zophatikizika ndi zopangidwa ndi maceration a mababu a orchid, omwe phala lawo adasandutsa akhristu opachikidwa, okongola komanso owona, omwe mawonekedwe ake ndi kunyezimira kumawapatsa mawonekedwe akuwoneka bwino. Akrisu ena adapulumuka mpaka lero ndipo tiyenera kudziwa. Imodzi ili mchipinda chopempherera cha Tancítaro; ina imalemekezedwa kuyambira zaka za zana la 16 ku Santa Fe de la Laguna; imodzi yomwe ili ku Parishi ya Island of Janitzio, kapena yomwe ili ku Parish ya Quiroga, yopambana kukula kwake.
Ndondomeko ya Plateresque ku Michoacán idawonedwa ngati sukulu yoyang'anira zigawo ndipo imakhala ndi mafunde awiri: ophunzirira komanso otukuka, ophatikizidwa m'misasa yayikulu ndi matauni monga Morelia, Zacapu, Charo, Cuitzeo, Copándaro ndi Tzintzuntzan ndipo ina, yochulukirapo, ilipo Kukula kwa mipingo ing'onoing'ono, mapiri am'mapiri ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono. Mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino pagulu loyamba titha kutchula za Church of San Agustín ndi Convent ya San Francisco (lero Casa de las Artesanías de Morelia); malo ozungulira nyumba yachigwirizano ya Augustinian ya Santa Maria Magdalena yomangidwa mu 1550 m'tawuni ya Cuitzeo; chipinda chapamwamba cha nyumba yachifumu ya Augustinian 1560-1567 ku Copándaro; nyumba ya masisitere ya ku Franciscan ya Santa Ana kuyambira 1540 ku Zacapu; ya Augustinian yomwe ili ku Charo, kuyambira 1578 ndi nyumba yaku Franciscan kuyambira 1597 ku Tzintzuntzan, komwe kuli tchalitchi chotseguka, chipinda chotsegulira komanso kudenga. Ngati kalembedwe ka Plateresque kanasiya chizindikiro chake, a Baroque sanasiyire pomwepo, ngakhale mwina chifukwa cha lamulo losiyanitsa, kusadziletsa komwe kumapangidwako kunali kutsutsana kwa kusefukira kwamawu m'maguwa ake ndi maguwa ake owala.
Mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za Baroque timapeza chikuto cha 1534 cha "La Huatapera" ku Uruapan; pakhomo la kachisi wa Angahuan; Colegio de San Nicolás yomangidwa mu 1540 (lero ndi Regional Museum); tchalitchi ndi nyumba ya masisitere ya Kampani yomwe inali yachiwiri ya Jesuit College ku New Spain, ku Pátzcuaro, ndi Parishi yokongola ya San Pedro ndi San Pablo, kuyambira 1765 ku Tlalpujahua.
Zitsanzo zopambana kwambiri mumzinda wa Morelia ndi izi: nyumba ya agulupa ya San Agusíin (1566); tchalitchi cha La Merced (1604); malo opatulika a Guadalupe (1708); mpingo wa a Capuchinas (1737); ya Santa Catarina (1738); La de las Rosas (1777) yoperekedwa ku Santa Rosa de Lima ndi Cathedral yokongola, yomwe ntchito yake idayamba mu 1660. Chuma chamakoloni cha Michoacán chimaphatikizaponso alfarjes, madengowa amawerengedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri ku Puerto Rico konse popeza ali umboni kuwonetsa luso laukadaulo lomwe lidapangidwa ku Colony; Mwa iwo mulinso ntchito zitatu: zokongoletsa, zothandiza komanso zophunzitsira; yoyamba yopangira zokongoletsa zazikulu za akachisi padenga; chachiwiri, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, komwe kukachitika chivomerezi chimatha kukhala ndi zovuta zochepa ndipo chachitatu, chifukwa amaphunzitsa zowona za kulalikira.
Chovala chodabwitsa kwambiri pamatumba onsewa chimasungidwa m'tauni ya Santiago Tupátaro, chojambulidwa mu tempera kumapeto kwachiwiri kwa zaka za zana la 18 kuti alambire Holy Lord of Pine. La Asunción Naranja kapena Naranján, San Pedro Zacán ndi San Miguel Tonaquillo, ndi malo ena omwe amasunga zitsanzo za maluso apaderawa. Mwa zina mwamawonedwe amakono atsamunda komwe mphamvu zachilengedwe zimayimiriridwa bwino, tili ndi mitanda yotchedwa atrial yomwe idakula kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16, ina idakongoletsedwa ndi zolowa za obsidian, zomwe zidatinso omwe adatembenuka kumene, mawonekedwe opatulika a chinthucho. Kukula kwake ndi zokongoletsa zake ndizosiyanasiyana kotero kuti akatswiri azaluso zamakoloni amawawona ngati ziboliboli za "munthu", zomwe zimawoneka mwa iwo omwe asainidwa modabwitsa. Mwina zitsanzo zokongola kwambiri za mitanda iyi zasungidwa ku Huandacareo, Tarecuato, Uruapan ndi San José Taximaroa, lero Ciudad Hidalgo.
Pazithunzi zokongola za syncretic tifunikanso kuwonjezera zilembo zaubatizo, zipilala zenizeni za zaluso zopatulika zomwe zikuwonetsedwa bwino ku Santa Fe de la Laguna, Tatzicuaro, San Nicolás Obispo ndi Ciudad Hidalgo. Ndi kukumana kwa maiko awiri, zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mphambu khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zidasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pamiyambo yolamulidwa, koma njira yopweteketsa yotereyi inali chiyambi cha kubadwa kwachikhulupiliro cholemera kwambiri ku America, komwe chikhalidwe chawo sichinangodzaza ntchito zake zaluso. gawo lalikulu, koma anali maziko a chitukuko cha zomwe zidachitika m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zovuta. Kutulutsidwa kwa maJesuit, olamulidwa ndi Carlos III waku Spain mu 1767, mikhalidwe yandale yamayiko akunja idayamba kusintha zomwe zidawonetsa kukhumudwa kwawo pazomwe zidachitika ndi Metropolis, komabe kunali kuwukira kwa Napoleonic ku Iberia Peninsula , yomwe idayambira zisonyezo zoyambirira zodziyimira pawokha zomwe zidachokera mumzinda wa Valladolid -now Morelia-, ndipo patatha zaka 43, pa Okutobala 19, 1810, inali likulu lolengeza kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo.
M'nkhani yodabwitsa iyi m'mbiri yathu, mayina a José Maria Morelos y Pavón, Ignacio López Rayón, Mariano Matamoros ndi Agustín de Iturbide, ana otchuka a bishopu wa Michoacán, adasiya chizindikiro, chifukwa chodzipereka kwawo. ufulu wofunidwa udakwaniritsidwa. Izi zikamalizidwa, dziko latsopanoli liyenera kukumana ndi zoopsa zomwe zingachitike patatha zaka 26. Nthawi yakusintha ndikuphatikiza kwa Republic idalembanso pakati pa ngwazi zadziko maina a Michoacanos odziwika: Melchor Ocampo, Santos Degollado ndi Epitacio Huerta, omwe adakumbukiridwa mpaka pano chifukwa cha zomwe anachita.
Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi komanso zaka khumi zoyambirira, boma la Michoacán ndiye chiyambi cha anthu ofunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Mexico iphatikizidwe: asayansi, akatswiri azamalamulo, akazitape, andale, asitikali ankhondo, ojambula komanso ngakhale prelate omwe machitidwe awo ovomerezeka akugwira ntchito mu Holy See. Mndandanda wosangalatsa wa iwo omwe, atabadwira ku Michoacán, athandizira kwambiri pakukulitsa ndikuphatikiza dzikolo.
