Tikafufuza dera la Abra-Tanchipa pamapu, timapeza mfundo pakati pa mizinda ya Valles ndi Tamuín, kum'mawa kwa boma la San Luis Potosí.
Chifukwa chake, tikukonzekera kukayendera amodzi mwa malo achitetezo mdziko muno. M'mbuyomu unali malo okhala anthu a Huastec ndipo lero akukhalabe opanda malo okhala anthu, ngakhale m'derali muli ma ejidos khumi ndi asanu omwe nzika zawo zimakonda ulimi woweta ziweto ndi ulimi wamvula, wokhala ndi mbewu za chimanga, nyemba, zotchinga, manyuchi, soya ndi nzimbe.
Ndi amodzi mwa malo osungidwa kwambiri a biosphere, okhala ndi mahekitala 21,464 a madera amtundu, amayiko komanso aboma. Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya nthaka ndi malo apakati, opangidwira kafukufuku wasayansi. Ili m'chigawo chotchedwa Sierra Tanchipa, chokhala ndi zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana komanso biotic ndi abiotic zomwe zimapanga zokayikira za zinyama ndi zinyama, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a Neotropical, kumpoto kwa dzikolo.
Kuphatikiza pa kukhala gawo la Sierra Madre Oriental, ndichinthu chofunikira mikhalidwe yam'madera, chifukwa imakhala ngati cholepheretsa nyengo pakati pa dambo la Gulf ndi altiplano. Apa, mphepo yamadzi yanyanja yomwe ikukwera imaziziritsa ikamagwira kumtunda, ndipo chinyezi chimakhazikika ndikupanga mvula yambiri.
Nyengo imakhala yotentha chaka chonse. Kutentha kumasiyana pang'ono, komanso pafupifupi 24.5 ° C pamwezi. Mvula imagwa pafupipafupi chilimwe, ndipo mvula yapachaka ya 1070 mm imayimira gwero lofunikira pobwezeretsanso tebulo lamadzi mdera lamphamvu ndi akasupe amderali. Pali matupi asanu ndi amodzi okhazikika, monga La Lajilla, Los Venados, madamu a Del Mante, ndi Los Pato lagoon; madzi angapo osakhalitsa, mitsinje iwiri ndi mtsinje, zomwe zimasunga kayendedwe ka madzi m'derali, zimakhazikika kuzomera ndikukonda machitidwe awiri amadzi: mtsinje wa Pánuco, Valles ndi Tamuín (Choy), ndi mtsinje Guayalejo, m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Tantoán.
ZOTHANDIZA ZOTHANDIZA NDI ZINTHU ZOPHUNZIRA ZAKALE
Kuwerengera koyambirira kwa maluwa kumalemba mitundu 300 pakati pazomera zam'mimba ndi algae amchere; ndi zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, monga Brahea dulcis palm, Chamaedorea radicalis palm, Encyclia cochleata orchid, Dioon eduley chamal ndi Beaucarnea inermis soyate yemwe ndi wochuluka. Mitengo imakafika kutalika kwa 20 m ndikupanga nkhalango yaying'ono yosatha, osati yochulukirapo, ndipo imangokhala ngati zigamba pamalo okwera, pomwe imasakanikirana ndi nkhalango yotsika kwambiri, yomwe imasokonezedwa ndi madera ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, chifukwa imakhala ndi malo osefukira osefukira kum'mawa kwa kusungitsa.
Mtundu wina wa zomera ndi nkhalango yaing'ono yomwe nthaŵi zina yake imatha masamba masamba; uli ndi dothi losauka bwino ndipo umasakanikirana ndi nkhalango yapakatikati, yomwe ndiyoyimilira bwino pakati pa 300 ndi 700 m asl. M'zigwa zazikulu zakumpoto chakumadzulo, zomera zoyambirirazo zasinthidwa ndikumera kwachiwiri ndi minda ya kanjedza ya Sabal mexicana, yochokera kunkhalango yotsika ndikuyatsidwa ndi moto wapafupipafupi.
M'zigwa zakumadzulo, zingwe zaminga zaminga zamitengo yamitundumitundu osati zodzikongoletsa mopambanitsa zimalamulira. Malo achitetezo apadera ndi mitengo yotentha yotchedwa holm oak Quercus oleoides, yomwe imafanana ndi maluwa akutali m'mbali zazing'ono zamapiri. Amagawidwa m'chigwa cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, kuyambira m'nkhalango yotentha ya Huasteca Potosina mpaka ku Chiapas. Awa ndi nkhalango zakale zomwe zimapanga zotsalira za zomera, zomwe zimakonda kulumikizidwa ndi nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira kuyambira nthawi yachisanu chomaliza (pakati pa 80,000 ndi 18,000 BC).
Kutsika kwa kutentha pa kuzizira kwam'madzi kunapangitsa kupezeka kwa mitengo iyi ya holm m'zigwa zazikulu za Gulf Coast, zomwe ndi zitsanzo za zinthu zosalimba zomwe tsopano zasokonekera komanso opulumuka munthawi zowuma.
Ponena za nyama zakomweko, zolembedwazo zimaphatikizaponso mitundu yoposa 50 ya nyama zoyamwitsa, zomwe zina mwa izo ndi ziweto zomwe zikuopsezedwa kuti zitha, monga jaguar Panthera onca, marlin Felis wiedii, ocelot Felis pardalis, ndi puma Felis concolor. Pali nyama zakusaka, monga nguluwe zakutchire za Tayassu tajacu, nswala zoyera zoyera Odocoileus virginianus ndi kalulu Sylvilagus floridanus, pakati pa ena. Avifauna ali ndi mitundu yopitilira zana yokhala ndi mitundu yosamukasamuka, yomwe mbalame zotetezedwa zimadziwika monga parrot "kutsogolo" kofiira "Amazona autumnalis, calandrias Icterus gulariseI. cucullatus, ndi chincho Mimus polyglottos. Mwa zokwawa ndi amphibiya, mitundu pafupifupi 30 yadziwika: njoka ya Boa constrictor, yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ili pachiwopsezo cha kutayika, imayimira chokwawa chachikulu kwambiri. Ponena za nyama zopanda mafupa, pali mabanja opitilira 100 omwe ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi mazana osadziwika.
Malowa ali ndi tanthauzo pazikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chifukwa anali malo ambiri okhala anthu pachikhalidwe cha Huasteca. Malo 17 ofukula mabwinja apezeka, monga Cerro Alto, Vista Hermosa, Tampacuala, El Peñón Tanchipa ndipo, lotchuka kwambiri, La Hondurada, malo ofunikira mwamwambo. Malowa ali ndi mapanga khumi ndi awiri osanthula pang'ono, pomwe Corinto amadziwika, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, ndi Tanchipa, otsalawo ndi El Ciruelo ndi Los Monos, komanso mabowo ambirimbiri okhala ndi petroglyphs kapena miyala yosema.
PANGOWA LA TANCHIPA, MALO OSANGALATSA NDI ZINSINSI ZABISALA
Dongosolo lokaona malowa lidaphatikizapo mayendedwe angapo, koma chosangalatsa kwambiri, mosakaika konse, chinali kupita kuphanga la Tanchipa. Gululo linapangidwa ndi Pedro Medellín, Gilberto Torres, Germán Zamora, wotsogolera pamodzi ndi ine. Timadzipangira kampasi, chakudya, chikwanje, komanso malita awiri amadzi aliyense, chifukwa kudera lino ndikosowa.
Tinanyamuka ku Ciudad Valles molawirira kwambiri, kuti tikapitirire pamsewu waukulu wopita ku Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas. Kumanja, kuseri kwa zigwa zazikulu za phiri laling'ono lomwe limapanga malowa ndipo, kutalika kwa famu ya Laguna del Mante, pa kilomita 37, chikwangwani chikusonyeza kuti: "Puente del Tigre". Tidayenda pang'onopang'ono chifukwa 300 mita kupitilira, kumanja, kupatuka kwa makilomita sikisi a msewu wafumbi ukuyamba wopita kumalo a "Las Yeguas" komwe tidasiya galimoto yoyendetsa matayala anayi. Kuyambira pano, timapeza mpata wokhala ndi zitsamba, chifukwa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo, mbali zonse ziwiri, tchire ndi minga yaminga ya Gacia sp, yomwe ikamakula imakongoletsa njirayo, yotchedwa "Paso de las Gavias". Kwaulendo wautali, tinaperekezedwa ndi masamba achiwiri, ochokera kumabusa akale komanso okhala ndi kanjedza kachifumu ku Mexico Sabal, mpaka komwe kutsetsereka kunkafunika kulimbikira kuti tikwere. Kumeneko tinamva kuti chilengedwe chasintha; Zomera zimakulirakulirabe ndipo mitengo yayitali ya chaca Bursera simarubay red ced Cedrela adorata, imafikira 20 mita kutalika.
Tinakwera njira yozunguliridwa ndi zomera zomwe taziwona ngati zokongoletsa m'malo ambiri mdziko muno, monga mocoque Pseudobombax ellipticum, cacalosúchilPlumeria rubra, palmillaChamaedorea radicalis, pitaYucca treculeana, chamalDioon edule, ndi soyateBeaucarnea inermis. Ndi mitundu yodzadza pano m'malo awo oyamba, pomwe imazika pakati pa ming'alu ndi miyala ikuluikulu ya kaboni kuti ipindule ndi nthaka yochepa. Pa sitepe iliyonse timapewa liana, minga ndi ma royate akuluakulu omwe, ndimizeremizere yawo, amafanana ndi miyendo ya njovu ndipo amalamulira pafupifupi phiri lonse. Pakati pazomera, pafupifupi mita eyiti kutalika, mitundu ina imatiyikira chidwi, monga mtengo wolimba wa "rajador", "palo de leche" (ankakonda enciela nsomba), chaca, tepeguaje ndi mkuyu, ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yokutidwa ndi ma orchid, bromeliads ndi ferns. Pansi pa masambawo, mbewu zing'onozing'ono monga guapilla, nopal, jacube, chamal ndi palmilla zimadzaza malowa. Pakati pa zomera zomwe zawonetsedwa pali mitundu 50 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe, zomangamanga, zokongoletsa komanso chakudya.
Kuyenda kunatitopetsa chifukwa kwa maola atatu tidayenda ulendo wamakilomita pafupifupi 10 kukafika pamwamba paphiri, kuchokera komwe tidayamikirako gawo lalikulu la nkhalangoyi. Sitikupitilirabe, koma makilomita ochepa, kudzera kupyola komweku, tifika ku masamba amphukira a thundu wam'malo otentha komanso malo osadziwika kwenikweni.
Tinalowa kuphanga la Tanchipa, komwe kumakhala mdima wandiweyani komanso nyengo yozizira yosiyana ndi zakunja. Pakhomo, kuwala kochepa kumangosamba ndikuwunikiranso mzere wake, wopangidwa ndi makoma amiyala ya calcite wokutidwa ndi utoto wobiriwira. Dzenje lili pafupifupi 50 m mulifupi komanso kupitirira 30 m pamwamba pachipinda chopindika, pomwe mileme mazana imapachikidwa m'mipata pakati pa ma stalactites ndipo, pansi pa fumbi, ngalande imayenda kupitirira mita zana mumdima ming'alu.
Phanga silimdima chabe. Chosangalatsa kwambiri chidapezeka pansi, pomwe zotsalira za munthu wamkulu zimapuma, monga titha kuwonera m'mafupa atakulungidwa pakona. Pafupi, pali mabowo amakona anayi, opangidwa ndi manda olandidwa omwe amangosunga miyala yayitali yamphepete yomwe imachokera kumayiko akutali kuti ikwaniritse zotsalira za munthu wachilendayo. Anthu ena akumeneko akutiuza kuti, kuchokera kuphanga ili, mafupa okhala ndi zigaza zisanu ndi ziwiri zazikulu, pakati pa 30 ndi 40 cm, adatulutsidwa ndi mafuta onunkhira pakati pa gawo lawo lakumtunda.
Phanga, lomwe lili pamwamba pa phiri, ndi gawo la kupsinjika kopitilira 50 m, pansi pake ndikutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira a platanillo, avocado, mkuyu; herbaceous ndi liana zosiyana ndi zakunja. Kum'mwera kwa tsambali phanga la Korinto ndi lokulirapo komanso lowoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo limasunga zinsinsi zobisika mkati mwake. Nthawi yamasana timagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwazibowo zomwe zili pansi, pomwe ndizotheka kugona usiku kapena kuthawa mvula.
Kubwerako ndikofulumira, ndipo ngakhale ndi ulendo wotopetsa, tikudziwa kuti mapiriwa, omwe adalengezedwa kuti ndi Biosphere Reserve pa Juni 6, 1994, ali ndi tanthauzo lofunika kwambiri, zotsalira za akatswiri ofukula zamabwinja, malo osungidwa bwino azomera, ndipo amapanga njira zachilengedwe zothawirako nyama.
