Chidziwitso chachidulechi ndicholinga chodziwitsa kuti zopangira zagolide zopangidwa ndi agoloni zomwe zidamangidwa mzaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, zimapangidwa ndi matabwa osema omwe amapangira gawo lokongoletsera kutsogolo kwa wowonera ndi mawonekedwe amitengo amapanga chithandizo cham'mwambamwamba.
Nthawi yomweyo, cholembedwachi chimapangidwa kuti chikhale chosangalatsa kotero kuti iwo omwe atha kuthandizapo pakuisunga, popeza zida zambiri za pa guwa zikuwonongeka ndi njenjete yamatabwa, mpaka kupeza m'malo ena ndi lamina lokha golide, chifukwa tizilombo tadya nkhuni kale.
Chidziwitso chachidulechi ndicholinga chodziwitsa kuti zopangira zagolide zopangidwa ndi agoloni zomwe zidamangidwa mzaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, zimapangidwa ndi matabwa osema omwe amapangira gawo lokongoletsera kutsogolo kwa wowonera ndi mawonekedwe amitengo amapanga chithandizo cham'mwambamwamba. Nthawi yomweyo, nkhaniyi yapangidwa kuti ichite chidwi ndi iwo omwe angathe, kuthandizana nayo kuti isunge, chifukwa zida zambiri za pa guwa zikuwonongeka ndi njenjete yamatabwa, mpaka kupeza m'malo ena okha lamina golide, chifukwa tizilomboti tidya kale nkhuni.
Mipingo yambiri yomwe idamangidwa mchaka cha 1540 mpaka 1790, mkati mwake, imakongoletsedwa bwino ndi zida zopangira matabwa aku Mexico zomwe zitha kukhala guwa lansembe lalikulu, lomwe lili kumbuyo kwa presbytery, zomangira zipilala zophatikizika pamakoma a transept ya Nave yayikulu ndi zokumbikakumbika zolumikizidwa pamakoma ammbali mwa nave yayikulu. Mwa iwo masitaelo anayi otsatirawa akhoza kuyamikiridwa: Plateresque, Baroque Estípite kapena Churrigueresco, Baroque Salomónico ndi Ultra Barroco kapena Anástilo (Shroeder et al 1968).
Kodi zida zapaguwa ndi chiyani
Zipangizo zopangira guwa ndi zomwe zimathandizira mitu yazipembedzo zingapo ndipo zimapangidwa ndi magawo awiri; chakutsogolo kapena chakumaso chogawika m'magawo awiri akulu, mbali ya kumanzere yotchedwa Uthenga Wabwino ndi wina mbali yakumanja, ya Epistle, iliyonse ili ndi mbali zotsatirazi: thupi, misewu, ma entrecalles, basement (predella), base, zipilala, zolembedwamo, ziboliboli, zojambulajambula, zojambula zamafuta, zotchinga, zopondera, zipilala, mafelemu ndi zipilala zazing'ono (Herrerías, 1979). Mbali yakutsogolo ndiyomwe imawonekera kwa okhulupirika, yomwe imawoneka ndikulingaliridwa ndi iwo ndikuyamikiridwa ndi alendo omwe amadziwa luso lazachikoloni. Gawo lakumbuyo ndilothandizira pazinthu zakutsogolo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi nsanamira, ma andron, matabwa, maulendowo, matabwa, matabwa ndi ma racks omwe amasonkhanitsidwa mozungulira komanso mozungulira mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zolimbitsa zitsulo ndi milandu ina yomangidwa ndi henequen twine. Matabwa ndi matabwa olumikizidwa m'mbali mwake amalimbikitsidwa kapena ndi zokutira zansalu zokutidwa ndikuthimbidwa ndi ulusi wa henequen, womata.
Atatha kugwira ntchito ya National Project for the Fumigation of Museums, Archives and Libraries of the INAH, nthawi ya 1984-1994 komanso atatha kuyambitsa zida zamaguwa zopemphedwa ndi matabwa amizinda ndi matauni osiyanasiyana ku Restoration Directorate ya malowo, ndi Komanso pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wamatomu 40 opangidwa ndi Obwezeretsa a Polychrome Sculpture Workshop a National Coordination for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage kuti awadziwitse, wolemba adapeza kuti zothandizirazo zimamangidwa ndi mitengo ya coniferous (Pinus, Cupressus, Abies, Juniperus), kupatula omwe adachokera ku Peninsula ya Yucatan, momwe matabwa ochokera ku Dicotyledonous Angiosperms (mkungudza wofiira: Cedrela odorata L.) adagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Ambiri tizirombo
Kumbuyo kwa maguwa akuluwa nthawi zambiri kumasiyana ndi khoma, pomwe zolembedwazo ndi mbali zake zimalumikizidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi zambiri sapatsidwa zosamalira zochepa ndipo amapezeka atadzaza ndi fumbi. Kwa zaka zambiri ndikuvutitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, monga chiswe (njenjete zamatabwa) ndi ma anobidi omwe amadziwika kuti nyongolotsi.
Tizilombo tomwe timadya nkhuni timagawidwa pafupifupi ku Republic of Mexico, koma pafupipafupi komanso kuchuluka ku Mexico City ndi zigawo za Chiapas, Campeche, Durango, Coahuila, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Querétaro ndi Zacatecas. Chiswe chimakhala m'zipinda zamatabwa zamatabwa (denga lokongoletsedwa ndi kudenga), madenga a nyumba, pansi, zamatabwa, mafelemu, zitseko ndi mawindo, m'makoma ndi maziko amitengo, zamanyumba zakale komanso zamakono zogwiritsa ntchito pagulu ndi payokha .
Chiswe chachikulu komanso chouluka chomwe chimangokhala ndi mitengo youma yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi am'banja la Kalotermitidae omwe amatuluka m'masiku otentha a miyezi ya Meyi ndi Juni. Chiswe kapena chiswe cha nkhuni chomwe chimalumikizana ndi chinyezi ndi cha banja la a Rhinotermitidae, amachokera kuzisa zawo zapansi panthaka nthawi yotentha ndi yotentha ya mwezi wa Seputembara ndi Okutobala, kutagwa mvula yambiri yayifupi.
Chiswe cha Drywood chimakonda kuyenda usiku ndipo chimakopeka kwambiri ndi magetsi. Ku State of Mexico amadziwika ndi dzina loti San Juan kapena San Juan njenjete, chifukwa pa Juni 24 chaka chilichonse amatha kuwoneka akuuluka usiku kwambiri. Chiswe chimakhala chamadzulo komanso chimayenda usiku ndipo chimakhalanso ndi timagulu tambiri. M'nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe ndizofala kwambiri kuwona zizindikiro zotsatirazi zakudzala kwa nkhuni:
- Mitundu yambiri ya chiswe youma ikuuluka pafupi ndi magwero a kuwala usiku.
- Dzombe lambiri, lomwe limakhalapo masana dzuwa litalowa, pabwalo.
- Pamadenga a nyumba ndizofala kumva kumva nkhupakupa yopangidwa ndi njenjete usiku ikakuluma ndikutafuna nkhuni ndi nsagwada zake zolimba.
- M'mawa mungathe; onaninso, pansi kapena panja pa mipando, milu yaying'ono yazing'ono zazing'ono zazing'ono zokhala ndi mapiko asanu ndi limodzi komanso malekezero amtundu wa nkhuni.
- Pamwamba pa nkhuni zowonongekazo, pali mabowo angapo ozungulira pafupifupi 2 mm m'mimba mwake omwe amatsogolera kumipata yayikulu yomwe imayenda mofanana ndi ulusi kapena njere za nkhuni, ndiye kuti, m'mbali mwa ulusiwo.
- Mkati mwa nyumbazi, pamakoma ndi m'malo omwe amalumikizana pakati pa mafelemu azitseko ndi mawindo, pakati pa denga ndi m'mbali mwa matabwa, ndi kumbuyo kwa malo opangira guwa lansembe, pali timachubu tating'ono tomwe anamanga chiswe chokhala ndi dongo losakaniza, matabwa ophwanyika ndi kukamwa kwa tizilombo.
Woodworms amadziwika kuti "mipando mayate", "dust mayates" komanso "zipolopolo zowombera mayate". Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Coleoptera tomwe timapangidwa ndi mabanja atatu omwe amakhudza mipando yamatabwa, koma omwe timapeza pafupipafupi kwambiri pazinthu zoperekera kuguwa ndi ma maonobidi, omwe amagawidwa chimodzimodzi ndi chiswe, komanso amapezekanso kwa mipando yonse, ziboliboli, ma Christs, mitanda, zowonera, zopangira ntchito zamanja, zamkati zamatabwa zochokera m'mabuku akale amakwaya, zida zoimbira zamatabwa ndi zida ndi zida. Monga chitsanzo cha kuwonongeka kochititsa chidwi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ma xylophages, ndi malo opangira guwa lakale la Oaxaca, Puebla (tchalitchi cha Santo Entierro, ku Cholula), matenga a zipilala zakale za mzinda wa Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, ndi madenga a nyumba zambiri m'maboma a Chiapas, Guerrero ndi Michoacán.
Ziphuphu zazikulu, mosiyana ndi chiswe, ndizolimba komanso zothamanga. Pakati pa miyezi yachilimwe ndi yotentha amatuluka m'nkhalango kuti apange ulendo wokwatirana komanso wokwatirana. Munthawi imeneyi zimakhala zachilendo kupeza umboni wotsatira wonenepa m'nkhalango:
- Usiku wotentha, tizilombo timauluka pafupi ndi magwero a kuwala.
- M'mawa mutha kuwona milu yaying'ono ya fumbi labwino, mtundu wa nkhuni zomwe zawonongeka, pansi kapena pamwamba pa mipando.
- Pamwamba pa nkhuni zowonongedwazo, mabowo ozungulira angapo okhala ndi mainchesi a 1.6 mpaka 3 mm amawonedwa, pomwe njere zazing'ono zowoneka bwino zimatulutsidwa.
- Mabowo amalumikizana ndi ma tunnel ang'onoang'ono omwe, mosiyana ndi chiswe, amagawidwa mbali zonse mkati mwa nkhuni.
Zachidziwikire, pakusungira malo opangira guwa ku Mexico, ndikofunikira kuphunzira za biology ya tizilomboti, mpaka pano osayankhidwa ndi akatswiri a tizilombo, ndikuwongolera mwachangu njira ziwiri zakuthandizira mayankho: imodzi yaifupi komanso yokhayo yothandizira. komanso njira ina yodzitetezera komanso yayitali. Yoyamba imakhala kuchiritsa chopingasa pochotsa mliri wa tizilombo ta Xylophagous, mwa njira zakuthupi (kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zathupi) ndi mankhwala (kugwiritsa ntchito fumigants ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda). Njira yodzitchinjiriza ndiyotengera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoteteza kuteteza nkhuni ku matenda omwe angabuke, chifukwa nthawi zonse tidzakhala ndi tizilombo m'chilengedwe.
