Zaka 490 pambuyo pa Kugonjetsedwa, dziwani masomphenya a Tenochtitlan wamkulu yemwe m'modzi mwa ofufuza odziwika kwambiri, Prof. Tikukuwonetsani izi poyankhulana mwapadera ndi nkhokwe yathu!
Mosakayikira chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri mdziko la Spain lisanachitike ndi bungwe lomwe lidafika kumizinda yofunikira ngati Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, katswiri wofukula zamabwinja wodziwika komanso wodziwika bwino pamundawu, amatipatsa malingaliro owoneka bwino am'mbuyomu ku Mexico City.
Mexico Yosadziwika. Chomwe chingakhale chofunikira kwambiri kwa inu ngati mungafotokozere zikhalidwe zoyambira ku Mexico City?
Eduardo Matos. Chinthu choyamba kuganizira ndi kukhalapo, m'malo omwe mzindawu ukugwirako masiku ano, m'mizinda yambiri isanachitike ku Spain yomwe imagwirizana ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Piramidi lozungulira la Cuicuilco likadalipo, gawo la mzinda womwe udalidi ndi gulu losiyana. Pambuyo pake panthawi yakugonjetsa, zikanakhala zofunikira kutchula Tacuba, Ixtapalapa, Xochimilco, Tlatelolco ndi Tenochtitlan, pakati pa ena.
M.D. Nanga bwanji mitundu yamaboma yomwe idagwira, mzinda wakale komanso ufumuwo?
Mphatso Ngakhale mitundu yamaboma inali yovuta kwambiri panthawiyo, tikudziwa kuti ku Tenochtitlan kunali lamulo lalikulu, tlatoani, yemwe amatsogolera boma la mzindawo ndipo nthawi yomweyo anali mtsogoleri wa ufumuwo. Liwu la Nahuatl tlatoa limatanthauza amene amalankhula, amene ali ndi mphamvu yakulankhula, amene ali ndiulamuliro.
Mpundu. Kodi titha kuyerekezera kuti tlatoani idagwira ntchito kotheratu mzindawu, nzika zake, ndikuthana ndi zovuta zonse zomwe zidachitika mozungulira mzindawu?
Mphatso A tlatoani anali ndi upangiri, koma mawu omaliza nthawi zonse amakhala ake. Ndizosangalatsa, mwachitsanzo, kuwona kuti tlatoani ndi amene amalamula kuti madzi azituluka mzindawo.
Kutsatira kulamula kwake, mu calpulli iliyonse adakonzekera kuti azigwira nawo ntchito zothandiza anthu; amuna otsogozedwa ndi mabwana adakonza misewu kapena kuchita ntchito monga ngalande. Zomwezo zidachitikanso pankhondo: kuti gulu lankhondo laku Mexico lifutukule magulu akuluakulu ankhondo amafunikira. M'masukulu, calmecac kapena tepozcalli, amuna amalandila malangizo ndikuphunzitsidwa ngati ankhondo, ndipo ndi momwe calpulli imathandizira amuna pantchito yolimbikitsa ufumuwo.
Mbali inayi, msonkho womwe udaperekedwa kwa anthu omwe adagonjetsedwa adabweretsedwa ku Tenochtitlan. A tlatoani adapereka gawo la msonkho kwa anthu pakagwa kusefukira kwamadzi kapena njala.
M.D. Kodi zikuyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ntchito yoyang'anira mzinda ndi ufumuwo imafunikira njira zaboma monga zomwe zikugwirabe ntchito m'midzi ina mpaka lero?
Mphatso Panali anthu omwe amayang'anira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, komanso panali mtsogoleri wa calpulli aliyense. Atagonjetsa gawo adakhazikitsa calpixque yoyang'anira ndalama zamsonkho kuderalo komanso kutumiza komweko ku Tenochtitlan.
Ntchito zokomera anthu zimayendetsedwa ndi a calpulli, ndi wolamulira wawo, koma tlatoani ndiye chifanizo chomwe chidzakhalapobe. Tikumbukire kuti tlatoani imabweretsa zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri: wankhondo komanso zomwe zipembedzo zikuchita; mbali imodzi ndiyotsogolera mbali yofunikira muufumu, kufutukuka kwa asitikali ndi msonkho, komanso mbali zina zachipembedzo.
M.D. Ndikumvetsetsa kuti zisankho zazikulu zidapangidwa ndi a tlatoani, koma bwanji zazinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku?
Mphatso Kuti ndiyankhe funsoli, ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kukumbukira mfundo yosangalatsa: Tenochtitlan pokhala mzinda wanyanja, njira zoyankhulirana zoyambirira zinali mabwato, ndiye njira zomwe amalonda ndi anthu adanyamulidwira; kusamutsidwa kuchokera ku Tenochtitlan kupita kumizinda yakumphepete mwa mitsinje kapena mosemphanitsa kunapanga dongosolo lonse, mautumiki onse, panali dongosolo lokhazikika, Tenochtitlan analinso mzinda woyera kwambiri.
M.D. Amaganiziridwa kuti anthu ngati a Tenochtitlan adatulutsa zinyalala zambiri, adatani nazo?
Mphatso Mwina ndi iwo adapeza malo kuchokera kunyanjayo ... koma ndikuganiza, sizikudziwika momwe adatithandizira kuthana ndi vuto la mzinda wokhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 200,000, kuphatikiza mizinda yomwe ili m'mbali mwa mitsinje monga Tacuba, Ixtapalapa, Tepeyaca, ndi zina zambiri.
M.D. Kodi mungalongosole bwanji bungwe lomwe lidalipo pamsika wa Tlatelolco, malo abwino kwambiri pakugawa zinthu?
Mphatso Ku Tlatelolco gulu la oweruza lidagwira ntchito, omwe amayang'anira kuthetsa kusamvana pakusinthana.
M.D. Zinatenga zaka zingati kuti a Colony akhazikitse, kuwonjezera pa malingaliro amalingaliro, chithunzi chatsopano chomanga chomwe chidapangitsa nkhope yamzindawu kutha pafupifupi kwathunthu?
Mphatso Izi ndizovuta kwambiri kuzilemba, chifukwa zidalidi zovuta pomwe mbadwa zawo zimawonedwa ngati zachikunja; akachisi awo ndi miyambo yachipembedzo zimawonedwa ngati ntchito ya mdierekezi. Zipangizo zonse zaku Spain zomwe zikuyimiridwa ndi Tchalitchi ndizoyang'anira ntchitoyi atapambana asitikali, pomwe kulimbana kwamalingaliro kumachitika. Kukaniza kwa anthu amtunduwu kumaonekera pazinthu zingapo, mwachitsanzo pazithunzi za mulungu Tlaltecutli, omwe ndi milungu yomwe idalembedwa pamiyala ndikuyika nkhope pansi chifukwa anali Ambuye wa Dziko Lapansi ndipo udali udindo wake mdziko la Pre-Puerto Rico. . Pa nthawi yolanda dziko la Spain, nzika zam'derali zimayenera kuwononga akachisi awo ndikusankha miyala kuti ayambe ntchito yomanga nyumba zamakoloni; Kenako adasankha Tlaltecutli kuti akhale maziko azipilala zachikoloni ndikuyamba kujambula chapamwamba, koma kuteteza mulungu pansipa. Ndalongosola nthawi zina zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku: womanga kapena wolimba mtima akudutsa: "Hei, muli ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zilipo pamenepo." "Osadandaula, chifundo chako chitha mozondoka." "Ah, chabwino, ndi momwe amayenera kupita." Ndiye anali mulungu yemwe adadzipereka yekha kuti asungidwe. Pofukula ku Meya wa Templo ndipo ngakhale m'mbuyomu, tidapeza zipilala zingapo zamakoloni zomwe zinali ndi chinthu m'munsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali mulungu Tlaltecutli.
Tikudziwa kuti mbadwayo idakana kulowa tchalitchi popeza idazolowera mabwalo akulu. Akuluakulu aku Spain adalamula kuti kumangidwe mabwalo akuluakulu ndi matchalitchi kuti akope wokhulupirira kuti alowe mu tchalitchicho.
M.D. Kodi munthu angayankhule zachilengedwe kapena mzinda wachikoloni ukukulira modetsa nkhawa mzinda wakale?
Mphatso Zachidziwikire, mzindawu, Tenochtitlan ndi Tlatelolco, mzinda wake amapasawo, adakhudzidwa kwambiri panthawi yolanda, yomwe idawonongeka, koposa zonse, zipilala zachipembedzo. Za Meya wa Templo kuyambira nthawi yapitayi timangopeza zotsalira pansi, ndiye kuti, adaziwononga mpaka pamaziko ake ndikugawa malowa pakati pa akazembe aku Spain.
Ndi pakupanga kwachipembedzo pomwe kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika koyamba. Izi zimachitika pomwe Cortés atsimikiza kuti mzindawu uyenera kupitilirabe kuno, ku Tenochtitlan, ndikuti ndipamene mzinda waku Spain ukukwera; Tlatelolco, mwa njira ina, adabadwanso kwakanthawi ngati nzika zaku India zomwe zimadutsana ndi Tenochtitlan. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe aku Spain, adayamba kupezeka, osayiwala dzanja lachilengedwe, kukhalapo kwake kunali kofunikira kwambiri pazowonetsa zonse za nthawiyo.
M.D. Ngakhale tikudziwa kuti chikhalidwe chamtundu wachuma chokhazikika muzochitika zadzikoli, komanso zonse zomwe zikutanthauza kudziwika, pakupanga dziko la Mexico, Ndikufuna ndikufunseni komwe tingadziwire, kuwonjezera pa Meya wa Templo, ndi chiyani chomwe chimasungabe zizindikiro za mzinda wakale wa Tenochtitlan?
Mphatso Ndikukhulupirira kuti pali zinthu zomwe zidatulukira; Nthawi ina ndidanena kuti milungu yakale idakana kufa ndipo ikuyamba kuchoka, monga momwe zilili ndi Meya wa Templo ndi Tlatelolco, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti pali malo omwe mutha kuwona bwino "kugwiritsa ntchito" mafano ndi zinthu zina zisanachitike ku Spain, yomwe ndi nyumba yomanga ya Count of Calimaya, yomwe lero ndi Museum of Mexico City, ku Calle de Pino Suárez. Pamenepo mutha kuwona bwino njokayo, komanso, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, ziboliboli zimawoneka pano ndi apo. Don Antonio de León y Gama akutiuza, mu ntchito yake yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 1790, zomwe zinali zinthu zisanachitike ku Spain zomwe zimasangalatsidwa mzindawu.
Mu 1988, Mwala wotchuka wa Moctezuma I udapezeka kuno ku Archdiocese yakale, pa Moneda Street, pomwe nkhondo, ndi zina.
Kumbali inayi, ku Xochimilco Delegation kuli ma chinampas ochokera ku Spain asanachitike; Chilankhulo cha Nahuatl chimalankhulidwa ku Milpa Alta ndipo oyandikana nawo amayiteteza ndi mtima wonse, chifukwa ndichilankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Tenochtitlan.
Tili ndi malo ambiri, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri mophiphiritsa ndi Chishango ndi Mbendera, popeza ndi zizindikilo zaku Mexico, ndiye kuti, chiwombankhanga chayimirira pa nkhadze ikudya njokayo, zomwe ena amatiuza kuti sinali njoka, koma mbalame, chofunikira ndichakuti kuti ndi chizindikiro cha Huizilopochtli, cha kugonjetsedwa kwa dzuwa motsutsana ndi mphamvu zakusiku.
M.D. Ndi zinthu zina ziti zatsiku ndi tsiku zomwe dziko lachilengedwe limadziwonetsera?
Mphatso Chimodzi mwazofunikira, ndi chakudya; tili ndi zinthu zambiri zoyambira ku Puerto Rico chisanadze kapena zosakaniza zambiri kapena zomera zomwe zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito. Kumbali inayi, pali ena omwe amakhulupirira kuti a Mexico amaseka imfa; Nthawi zina ndimafunsa pamisonkhano kuti ngati anthu aku Mexico aseka akawona imfa ya wachibale, yankho ndilolakwika; Komanso, timakhala ndi ululu waukulu tikamwalira. Nyimbo za Nahua kuzunzika uku kumaonekera.
