Tiyenera kuyendera imodzi mwa nkhalango zambiri zapaini mdzikolo, nthawi yamvula, kukasilira mitundu yambiri ya bowa yomwe imamera mmenemo. Zowonadi, pali mitundu yambiri ya mafangayi ku Mexico, kuyambira ang'onoang'ono kwambiri omwe sangathe kufika mamilimita ochepa, mpaka zimphona zopitilira mita imodzi m'mimba mwake.
Mitundu yawo imasiyananso kwambiri, kuyambira kuyera kosavuta mpaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mosiyana ndi mdima wandiweyani momwe zamoyozi zimakulira m'nkhalangozi.
Mexico mwina ndi umodzi mwamayiko olemera kwambiri pamitundu ya bowa, komanso miyambo yawo kudzera mwa anthu wamba. Bowa wodziwika bwino wa hallucinogenic womwe tsopano wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, udapezeka ku Mexico mzaka za m'ma 1950, ndipo chifukwa cha anthu am'deralo kuti chidziwitsochi chinafika m'manja mwa asayansi.
Amwenye aku Mexico ndi akatswiri odziwa bowa; Amadziwa bwino kusiyanitsa mitundu yodyedwa ndi yoyizoni komanso, kuchokera ku hallucinogens. Wolembayo, pazaka zake 23 zakufufuza zamatenda, adaphunzira kuchokera kwa anthu achilengedwe kuwona ndi kuzindikira bowa m'chilengedwe.
Kugulitsa bowa wodyedwa m'misika yotchuka ndikofala nthawi yamvula. Mafangayi amatengedwa ndi mbadwa zam'nkhalango ndipo amasankhidwa ndi manja ambiri asanafike kumsika, mwanjira yoti tisamakayikire kuzindikirika kwa bowa. Wachikhalidwe cha ku Mexico kuyambira ali mwana, amayenda kudutsa m'nkhalango limodzi ndi makolo ake kapena agogo ake ndipo adaphunzira kusiyanitsa bowa, popeza zomwe makolo ake adakumana nazo zisanachitike ku Spain zidamupatsira. Mlimi amapaka dzina lenileni ku bowa aliyense kuti adziwe ndi kusiyanitsa ndi enawo. Chifukwa chake titha kupeza mayina ambiri amtundu, amwenye kapena achi Castilia, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku bowa. Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi mayina a: "malipenga", "miyendo yaying'ono", "madona achichepere", "buttery", "yemitas", "joletes", "makutu", "madona achichepere", ndi zina zambiri.
KODI FANGASI NDI CHIYANI?
Bowa ndi thupi lomwe limapangidwa ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timapanga kanyumba koyera. Kuchokera pamtunduwu primordia imabadwa kuti ikakhwima imakhala fructations ya bowa. Izi zimatulutsa ma spores, omwe ndi mbewu za bowa, zomwe zimathandizira kupititsa bowa, kudzera pakufalitsa kwake kudzera mumlengalenga ndikumera koyenera. Mitundu yomwe yatchulidwayo ya bowa amatchedwa hyphae ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kamapanga mycelium, m'njira yoti bowa ndi gulu la ma hyphae, omwe ndi maselo abwinobwino.
Pokhudzana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, bowa omwe timawona kapena kutolera kumunda sizinthu zina kuposa zomwe zimachitika; Timasiya bowa weniweni akumera pansi kapena padzenje kubwerera kunkhalango. Ndikofunikira kutsindika izi, chifukwa pali lingaliro labodza loti ma fuctization omwe timasonkhanitsa m'nkhalango, tikamafuna bowa wodyedwa, ndi bowa weniweni. Monga momwe mumkhalango ya lalanje timangotolera malalanje, koma osati mitengo ya lalanje, momwemonso m'nkhalango, timangotenga mafungidwe a bowa osati awa, omwe ndi mycelium omwe amatsalira pansi.
Sizinthu zonse zoberekera za bowa zomwe ndizosaoneka bwino; palinso tinthu ting'onoting'ono, monga momwe amatchedwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kapena bowa. Mwachitsanzo, nkhungu zomwe zimamera pa mkate, pamitanda, malalanje.
Mafangayi onse ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala pazinthu zopangidwa kale, zomwe zimawonongeka ndikupeza chakudya chawo. Kumbali inayi, pali mitundu yamoyo yomwe imakhalapo ndi zamoyo zina, ndikuziwononga. Mwanjira imeneyi, mafangayi amasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi masamba, omwe amapanga chakudya chawo kudzera mumlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mtundu wobiriwira womwe uli nawo: chlorophyll (kupatula milandu yazomera).
Chifukwa cha zakudya zawo zapadera, kapangidwe kake kapadera ndi kubereka kwawo kwa spores, mafangasi amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zakunja kwa zomera ndi nyama, motero akatswiri amakono a zamoyo amavomereza kuti bowa ndiufumu wosadalira zomera. m'malo mofanana ndi nyama.
Kufunika kwa bowa m'chilengedwe ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chifukwa cha iwo zinthu zowola zimawonongeka ndikuphatikizidwanso m'nthaka. Bowa, limodzi ndi mabakiteriya m'nthaka, amawononga zinyalala ndikuzichotsa. Kuchokera pano, kufunikira kwachilengedwe kwa bowa sikungatsutsike.
Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji bowa wodyedwa ndi woopsa?
Timazindikira bowa wodyedwa mwa kudziwa mwa iwo mawonekedwe, mtundu ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo zonse za thupi lobala zipatso. Tiyenera kuwunika ngati ali ndi phazi, ngati muli mphete, ngati apereka masikelo, ndi zina zambiri. Zokwanira, mu bowa winawake wodyedwa womwe timadziwa komanso womwe timatanthauzira ndikukhala ndi mphete kuphazi ndipo tsopano ilibe, kotero kuti siyofanana ndipo timakayikira kuzindikirika kwake.
Monga momwe timazindikirira zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba pamsika, pongoyang'ana mawonekedwe ake, utoto ndi kapangidwe kake, kutengera zomwe takumana nazo, ndi momwe tiyenera kuzindikira bowa wodyedwa, koma titha kunena chiyani? Titha kudalira zomwe akomweko kapena anthu wamba omwe amatigulitsa bowa ndipo amatitsimikizira kuti ndizodyedwa. Ngati lero tigula bowa wodyera pamsika, mwachitsanzo, "yemitas", yomwe imadziwika ndi kukhala ndi kapu ya lalanje, yopanda masikelo, wokhala ndi mphako, wokhala ndi mphete kuphazi, lamina lalanje komanso pansi pa phazi ngati galasi (ngati ili nalo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amalidula), ndipo ngati tijambula chithunzichi, sitidzaiwala bowa wonenedwa ndipo tidzazidziwanso. Koma, ngati tipeze bowa womwewo m'nkhalango, wokhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino kapena wolimba, kapena wopanda mphete kapena china chilichonse, ndiye mtundu wina, mwina ndi wowopsa.
Posankha bowa wodyera zophikira, payenera kukhala kutsimikizika kotheratu kwamitundu yazinthu. Ngati pali kukayika kulikonse, ndibwino kutaya bowa ameneyu. Vuto limakhala lalikulu.
Pozindikiritsa bowa, zokumana nazo zodziwika bwino zomwe zimalimbikitsa kudziwa bowa ziyenera kutayidwa, kuyang'anira kokha ngati zophikidwa ndi ndalama zasiliva kapena adyo kapena zikadetsa. Zikhulupirirozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsutsana ndipo zimakhala zowopsa. Ndizowona kuti pali bowa wina yemwe amangodya ngati wophikidwa, monga zimachitikira ndi omwe amatchedwa "makutu a mbewa" kapena "gachupines", koma bowa wambiri wodyedwa Amakhala ndi zophikira kaya zaiwisi kapena zophika.
Bowa wakupha ndiwovulaza munthu bola akamezedwa. Ndizabodza kuti bowa amaledzetsa munthu pomugwira m'manja kapena kununkhiza.
Titha kugawa bowa wakupha m'magulu anayi otsatirawa:
1. Zomwe zimayambitsa kudzimbidwa, ndikusanza ndi kutsekula m'mimba, 1/2 ola mutamwa. Ngati mlingo womwe umadyedwa sunakokeredwe ndipo munthuyo akusanza zonse, amachira posachedwa. Apa tikupeza bowa wambiri wakupha. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi Russula emetica, wofala kwambiri m'nkhalango za paini.
2. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuledzeretsa kofanana ndi zam'mbuyomu, ndimanjenje, koma bola ngati mowa umamwa. Ngati mowa sunamwe, bowawa amadya. Pali bowa m'modzi yekha wodziwika ku Mexico, wotchedwa Coprinus atramentarius, yemwe amamera m'minda. Pali malingaliro olakwika akuti bowa wonse wodyedwa ndi woipa ndi mowa.
3. Bowa zomwe zimayambitsa kusanza m'mimba, koma zonse ndi magazi. Zizindikirozi zimawonekera mpaka pambuyo pa maola 8 kapena 12 mutamwa; munthuyo waledzeretsa kwathunthu m'chiwindi ndipo maselo a chiwindi awonongeka (motero magazi). Omwe akuvutikawa amagwa zowawa zomwe zimatha mpaka masiku 8 ndikumwalira. Nkhungu zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikirozi ndizosowa kwambiri ku Mexico; Mitundu itatu yokha ndi yomwe imadziwika yomwe ili mtundu wa Amaníta ndipo ndi yoyera kwathunthu, chifukwa chake lingaliro labodza loti bowa onse oyera ndi owopsa, koma bowa wodziwika bwino, wophika bwino, ndi woyera. Mitundu ya poizoni ya Manita ili ndi masamba oyera, pomwe bowa, yemwe amatchedwa Agaricus bisporus (wolimidwa) kapena Agaricus campestris (wamtchire), ali ndi masamba ofiira mpaka akuda.
4. Bowa lomwe, likamalowetsedwa, limapangitsa kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo. Ndiwo bowa wopatulika wodziwika bwino wazikhalidwe zamtunduwu, wofala kwambiri kudera la Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca. Bowawa amadyedwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe zawo pamadyerero apadera kwambiri usiku, ofanana ndi omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi ya ku Spain isanachitike. Kudzera mwa iwo adalankhula ndi milungu yawo, ndipo tsopano amadya bowa kuti alankhule ndi Mulungu. Bowa wa Hallucinogenic ndi wa mtundu wa Psi1ocybey ndipo umakula bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana mdziko muno, monga nkhalango zotentha, mapiri otentha a Oaxaca, Puebla ndi Veracruz, komanso mapiri ataliatali monga Popocatépetl ndi Nevado de Toluca. Amapezekanso ku South America, US, Europe, Africa, Japan, ndi Australia.
Gwero Mexico Yosadziwika No. 48 / Novembala 1980
