Kubangula kwawo kunachokera muusiku wautali, zomwe ziyenera kuti zidadabwitsa ndikuwopseza opitilira umodzi. Mphamvu zake, kulimba mtima kwake, khungu lake lokhathamira, kubisalira kwake komanso kuwopsa kwake kudutsa m'nkhalango zaku Mesoamerica, ziyenera kuti zidalimbikitsa anthu akale kukhulupirira mulungu, m'gulu lopatulika lomwe limakhudzana ndi mphamvu zouza ena komanso kubala za chikhalidwe.
A Olmec, omwe kupezeka kwawo kovuta ku Guerrero sikunafotokozeredwe bwino, adaziwonetsa pazojambula m'mapanga, monoliths komanso pazoyimira zingapo za ceramic ndi miyala. Khalidwe lake lanthano likuyembekezeredwa mpaka lero, pomwe chithunzi chake chimasindikizidwanso chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino mdziko muno, m'mavina, pamiyambo yaulimi m'matawuni ena, m'chigawo cha La Montaña, m'maina angapo anthu, mu miyambo ndi nthano. Jaguar (panther onca), popita nthawi, yakhala chizindikiro cha anthu aku Guerrero.
ANTHU OLMEC
Zaka chikwi nthawi yathu ino isanachitike, munthawi yomweyo momwe chikhalidwe chotchedwa amayi chidakula mumzinda (Veracruz ndi Tabasco), zomwezo zidachitika ku Guerrero. Kupezeka, zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, kwa malo a Teopantecuanitlan (Malo a kachisi wa akambuku), m'matauni a Copalillo, adatsimikizira chibwenzi komanso nthawi yomwe idanenedwapo kuti kupezeka kwa Olmec ku Guerrero, kutengera zomwe zapezedwa malo awiri am'mbuyomu omwe ajambulidwa m'mapanga: phanga la Juxtlahuaca lomwe lili m'chigawo cha Mochitlán, ndi phanga la Oxtotitlan m'chigawo cha Chilapa. M'malo onsewa kupezeka kwa jaguar kumakhala kowonekera. Poyamba, ma monolith anayi akulu amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amatebulo amtundu wa Olmec woyengedwa kwambiri; M'malo awiriwa okhala ndi mapanga a mapanga timapeza mawonetseredwe angapo a nyamayi. Ku Juxtlahuaca, pamalo omwe ali 1,200 m kuchokera pakhomo la phanga, chithunzi cha jaguar chimajambulidwa chomwe chimawoneka kuti chikugwirizana ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri mu cosmogony yaku Mesoamerican: njoka. Pamalo ena mkati mwa mpanda womwewo, munthu wamkulu wovala chikopa cha jaguar m'manja, mikono ndi miyendo, komanso kapu yake ndi zomwe zimawoneka ngati chiuno, zimawoneka zowongoka, zopatsa ulemu, pamaso pa munthu wina atagwada patsogolo pake.
Ku Oxtotitlan, munthu wamkulu, woyimira munthu wamkulu, wakhala pampando wachifumu wofanana ndi pakamwa pa kambuku kapena chilombo chapadziko lapansi, mgulu lomwe limafotokozera kulumikizana kwa olamulira kapena ansembe ndi gulu lanthano, zopatulika. Kwa wofukula za m'mabwinja David Grove, yemwe adalemba zotsalazo, zojambulazo zikuwoneka kuti zili ndi tanthauzo lofananira ndi mvula, madzi ndi chonde. Komanso wotchedwa ldD, patsamba lomweli, ali ndi tanthauzo limodzi pazithunzi za gulu lomwe lidalipo ku Spain: munthu yemwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a Olmec, ataimirira, amayimirira kumbuyo kwa nyamayi, pakuyimira kopula. Chithunzichi chikusonyeza, malinga ndi wolemba uja, lingaliro loti kugonana pakati pa munthu ndi jaguar, pofanizira kwenikweni za chiyambi cha nthano za anthu amenewo.
JAGUAR MU MAKODI
Kuchokera pazakale zoyambirirazo, kupezeka kwa nyamayi kunapitilirabe mumafano angapo, osatsimikizika, zomwe zidapangitsa Miguel Covarrubias kunena kuti Guerrero ndi amodzi mwamalo omwe Olmec adachokera. Nthawi ina yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yomwe nyamayi yagwidwa ndi nthawi yoyambirira ya atsamunda, mkati mwa ma codices (zolemba zojambulajambula zomwe mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri aku Guerrero adalemba). Chimodzi mwazolemba zoyambirira kwambiri ndi chifanizo cha wankhondo wa nyalugwe yemwe amapezeka pa Canvas 1 ya Chiepetlan, pomwe zithunzi zankhondo pakati pa Tlapaneca ndi Mexica zitha kuwonedwa, zomwe zidayamba kulamulira dera la Tlapa-Tlachinollan. Komanso mgululi, nambala V, yopangidwa ndi atsamunda (1696), ili ndi mbiri yolembedwa, yojambulidwa kuchokera ku chikalata chovomerezeka ku Spain, choyimira mikango iwiri. Kutanthauziranso kwa tlacuilo (komwe kumalemba ma codex) kumawonetsera ma jaguwe awiri, popeza akambuku samadziwika ku America, mmaonekedwe achikhalidwe chawo.
Patsamba 26 la Azoyú Codex 1 munthu wokhala ndi chigoba cha jaguar amawoneka, ndikudya nkhani ina. Zochitikazo zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndikukhazikitsidwa pampando kwa Mr. Turquoise Serpent, mchaka cha 1477.
Gulu lina la ma codex, lochokera ku Cualac, lolembedwa ndi Florencia Jacobs Müller mu 1958, lidapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16. Pakatikati mwa mbale 4 timapeza angapo. Amuna amanyamula ndodo yolamulira ndipo amakhala paphanga, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi chifanizo cha nyama, mphalapala. Ndiko, malinga ndi wofufuzayo, kuyimira kwa komwe kunachokera nyumba ya Cototolapan. Monga momwe zimakhalira mu miyambo yaku Mesoamerica, timapezako mgwirizano wazinthu zoyambira mapanga. Pansi pa zochitika zonse mu chikalatacho mukuwoneka ma jaguar awiri. M'buku la Lienzo de Aztatepec ndi Zitlaltepeco Codex de las Vejaciones, kumtunda kwake chakumanzere kumapezeka mawonekedwe a nyamayi ndi njoka. Kumapeto kwa Mapu a Santiago Zapotitlan (zaka za zana la 18, kutengera choyambirira kuyambira 1537), nyamayi imawoneka pakupanga kwa Tecuantepec glyph.
MADansi, MASKI ndi TEPONAXTLE
Chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zakale, chikhalidwe cha nyamayi chimasakanikirana ndikusokonezedwa ndi nyalugwe, ndichifukwa chake mawonekedwe ake tsopano atchulidwa pambuyo pa mphalayi, ngakhale chithunzi cha nyamayi chimayambira kumbuyo. Masiku ano, ku Guerrero, mkati mwamalankhulidwe angapo azikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe momwe nyamayi imadziwonetsera, kulimbikira kwa mitundu yovina momwe kupezeka kwa nyalugwe kukuwonekerabe, ndichizindikiro cha mizu iyi.
Kuvina kwa tecuani (tiger) kumachitika pafupifupi konse komwe boma limapeza, ndikupeza njira zina zakomweko. Zomwe zimachitika m'chigawo cha La Montaña zimatchedwa mtundu wa Coatetelco. Imalandiranso dzina la "Tlacololeros". Chiwembu chovina ichi chimachitika malinga ndi ziweto, zomwe ziyenera kuti zidayamba ku Guerrero munthawi ya atsamunda. Nyalugwe-jaguar amawoneka ngati nyama yowopsa yomwe imatha kuwononga ziweto, zomwe a Salvador kapena a Salvadorche, mwininyumba, apatsa wothandizira wake, Mayeso, kusaka chilombocho. Popeza sangathe kumupha, anthu ena amamuthandiza (flechero wakale, lancer wakale, cocacahi wakale, ndi xohuaxclero wakale). Izi zikakanika, Mayeso amuitanira nkhalamba (limodzi ndi agalu ake abwino, omwe ndi a Maravilla galu) ndi Juan Tirador, yemwe amabweretsa zida zake zabwino. Pomaliza amatha kumupha, potero amateteza ziweto za mwinimunda.
Pachiwembu ichi, fanizo lakulanda atsamunda ku Spain ndikugonjera magulu azikhalidwe zitha kuwonedwa, popeza tecuani akuyimira mphamvu "zakutchire" za omwe agonjetsedwa, omwe akuwopseza imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zachuma zomwe zinali mwayi wa omwe adapambana. Mukamaliza kufa kwa feline ulamuliro waku Spain ku azikhalidwe umakhazikikanso.
M'madera ovinawa, tidzati ku Apango zikwapu za ma tlacoleros ndizosiyana ndi za anthu ena. Ku Chichihualco, zovala zawo ndizosiyana ndipo zipewa zimakhala ndi zempalxóchitl. Ku Quechultenango kuvina kumatchedwa "Capoteros". Ku Chialapa adalandira dzina loti "Zoyacapoteros", zomwe zimangotanthauza mabulangete a zoyate omwe alimi adadziphimba nawo mvula. Ku Apaxtla de Castrejón "gule wa ku Tecuán ndiwowopsa komanso wolimba chifukwa umaphatikizapo kudutsa chingwe, ngati woyenda pamiyeso yazitali komanso kutalika. Ndi Tecuán yomwe imadutsa mipesa ndi mitengo ngati kuti nyalugwe amabwerera ndi mimba yodzaza ndi ng'ombe za Salvadochi, munthu wachuma wa fuko "(Ndife, chaka 3, no. 62, IV / 15/1994).
Ku Coatepec de los Costales chosiyanasiyana chomwe amachitcha kuti Iguala chikuvina. Ku Costa Chica, kuvina kofananako kumavina pakati pa anthu a Amuzgo ndi mestizo, komwe tecuani nawonso amatenga nawo mbali. Uku ndi kuvina kotchedwa "Tlaminques". Mmenemo, nyalugwe amakwera mitengo, mitengo ya kanjedza ndi nsanja ya tchalitchi (monga zimachitikira mchikondwerero cha Teopancalaquis, ku Zitlala). Palinso magule ena pomwe nyengoyi imawonekera, yomwe ndi kuvina kwa a Tejorones, mbadwa za Costa Chica, ndi gule wa Maizos.
Yogwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvina kwa akambuku komanso mawu ena achikhalidwe cha tecuani, panali zojambula zodziwika bwino pakati pochuluka kwambiri mdzikolo (limodzi ndi Michoacán). Pakadali pano zokongoletsa zapangidwa, momwe feline akupitilizabe kukhala imodzi mwazomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza. Mawu ena osangalatsa okhudzana ndi chifanizo cha nyalugwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito teponaxtli ngati chida chomwe chimatsata maulendo, miyambo, ndi zochitika zogwirizana. M'matawuni a Zitlala, wamkulu wa boma la dzina lomweli, ndi Ayahualulco -wa boma la Chilapa- chidacho chili ndi nkhope ya kambuku yojambulidwa kumapeto kwake, zomwe zimatsimikiziranso gawo lofanana ndi nyalugwe mu nyengoyi zogwirizana ndi miyambo kapena zikondwerero.
TIGER MU ZILIMI ZA KULIMA
La Tigrada ku Chilapa
Ngakhale zimachitika munthawi yomwe chitsimikizo kapena miyambo yakubala imayamba kuchitika pakukolola (koyambirira kwa milungu iwiri ya Ogasiti), nyalugwe samawoneka ngati wolumikizana kwambiri ndi mwambo wamalimidwe, ngakhale ndizotheka kuti poyambira anali. Itha pa 15, tsiku la Namwali wa Assumption, yemwe anali woyang'anira woyera wa Chilapa nthawi ina yamakoloni (tawuniyi idatchedwa Santa María de la Asunción Chilapa). La tigrada yakhala ikuchitika kwanthawi yayitali, kotero kuti achikulire aku Chilapa adadziwa kale muubwana wawo. Patha zaka khumi kuchokera pomwe mwambowu udayamba kuchepa, koma chifukwa chakuchita chidwi ndi kukwezedwa ndi gulu la chilapeños okangalika omwe akufuna kusunga miyambo yawo, tigrada idapeza mphamvu zatsopano. Tigrada imayamba kumapeto kwa Julayi ndipo imatha mpaka Ogasiti 15, pomwe chikondwerero cha Virgen de la Asunción chimachitika. Pamwambowu pamakhala magulu a achinyamata ndi achikulire, ovala ngati akambuku, akuyenda pagulu m'misewu ikuluikulu ya mzindawu, kuzengereza atsikana ndikuwopseza ana. Akamadutsa amatulutsa mkokomo wamkati. Kuphatikizika kwa akambuku angapo mgulu, kulimba kwa kavalidwe kawo ndi maski awo, komwe kumawonjezeredwa ndi kuwomba kwawo ndikuti, nthawi zina, amakoka unyolo wolemera, kuyenera kukhala kovuta kuti ana ambiri achite mantha. asanayambe. Achikulire, mosasamala, amangowatenga pamiyendo kapena kuyesera kuwauza kuti ndiwomwe abisala, koma malongosoledwewo samakhutiritsa anawo, omwe amayesa kuthawa. Zikuwoneka kuti kulimbana ndi akambuku ndi chinthu chovuta chomwe ana onse ochokera ku Chilapeño adutsamo. Atakula kale kapena alimba mtima, ana "amalimbana" anyalugwe, kupanga hoot ndi dzanja lawo pakamwa pawo ndikuwaputa, kuwayendetsa, ndikufuula: "Kambuku wachikasu, nkhope ya skunk"; "Nyama yofatsa, nkhope ya chickpea"; "Tiger wopanda mchira, nkhope ya azakhali ako a Bartola"; "Kambuku ameneyu samachita kalikonse, kambuku amene uja samachita chilichonse." Tigrada ikufika pachimake pomwe 15 ikuyandikira. Madzulo otentha a Ogasiti magulu a akambuku amatha kuwoneka akuthamanga m'misewu ya tawuniyi, kuthamangitsa achichepere, omwe amathamanga mwamphamvu, kuwathawa. Lero, pa Ogasiti 15 pali msewu wokhala ndi magalimoto ophiphiritsira (magalimoto ovala, anthu amderalo amawatcha), okhala ndi ziwonetsero za Namwali wa Assumption komanso kupezeka kwa magulu a akambuku (tecuanis) ochokera matauni oyandikana nawo, kuyesa kuwonetsa pamaso pa anthu malingaliro osiyanasiyana a tecuani (akambuku a Zitlala, Quechultenango, etc.).
Maonekedwe ofanana ndi tigrada ndi omwe amachitika pa phwando la abambo ku Olinalá pa Okutobala 4. Akambukuwa amapita m'misewu kuthamangitsa anyamata ndi atsikana. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu ndi mgonero, momwe ma Olinaltecos amanyamula zopereka kapena makonzedwe pomwe zinthu zokolola zimawonekera (tsabola, koposa zonse). Chigoba cha akambuku ku Olinalá ndi chosiyana ndi cha Chilapa, ndipo ichi, chimasiyana ndi cha Zitlala, kapena Acatlán. Titha kunena kuti dera lililonse kapena tawuni iliyonse imayika chidindo china pazamasamba ake, zomwe sizikhala ndi tanthauzo pazithunzi zakusiyanaku.
Gwero Mexico Yosadziwika No. 272 / October 1999
