Obsidian ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe, chifukwa cha kuwala kwake, utoto wake ndi kuuma kwake, chimasiyana ndi miyala wamba ndi makhiristo omwe amapanga mchere wambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe a nthaka, obsidian ndi galasi lophulika lomwe limapangidwa ndikumenyana mwadzidzidzi kwa chiphalaphala chaphalaphala chomwe chili ndi silicon oxide. Amadziwika kuti "galasi" chifukwa kapangidwe kake ka atomiki kali kovuta komanso kosakhazikika pamagetsi, ndichifukwa chake pamwamba pake pamakhala chophimba chowoneka bwino chotchedwa kotekisi.
Mwamaonekedwe ake, komanso malinga ndi kuyera kwake komanso mawonekedwe ake, obsidian imatha kukhala yowonekera, yopepuka, yowala komanso yowunikira, kuwonetsa mitundu kuyambira wakuda mpaka imvi, kutengera makulidwe a chidutswacho ndi gawo lomwe imachokera. . Chifukwa chake, titha kuchipeza mumayendedwe obiriwira, abulauni, violet komanso nthawi zina amtundu wabuluu, komanso mitundu yodziwika kuti "mecca obsidian", yomwe imadziwika ndi utoto wofiirira chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni azinthu zina zachitsulo.
Anthu okhala ku Mexico wakale adapanga obsidian kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri popanga zida ndi zida monga mipeni yamatumba, mipeni, ndi zopangira projectile. Pakuyipukuta, ojambula am'mbuyomu ku Columbian adapeza malo owonekera pomwe amapangira magalasi, ziboliboli, ndi ndodo zachifumu, komanso ndolo, nyulu, mikanda, ndi zikwangwani zomwe zifanizo za milungu zidakongoletsedwa komanso olemekezeka apamwamba komanso ankhondo nthawi imeneyo adakongoletsedwa.
Lingaliro lisanachitike ku Spain la obsidian
Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha m'zaka za zana la 16, a John Clark adasanthula mozama za lingaliro loyambirira la Nahua la mitundu ya obsidian. Tithokoze phunziroli, lero tikudziwa zina zomwe zimatilola kuzigawa molingana ndi luso lake, zokongoletsa ndi miyambo: "White obsidian", imvi komanso yowonekera; "Obsidian of the masters" otoltecaiztli, wobiriwira buluu wokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana owala komanso wowala ndipo zomwe nthawi zina zimapereka matani agolide (chifukwa chofanana ndi elchalchíhuitlf idagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa zokongoletsa ndi zinthu zamwambo); -red, yomwe imadziwika kuti mecca kapena yothimbirira, pomwepo ma projekiti ake amapangidwa; "Common obsidian", wakuda komanso wowoneka bwino yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zopangira; "Black obsidian", yonyezimira komanso yosiyana siyana komanso kuwonekera poyera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a obsidian
Kwa nzika za pre-Puerto Rico Mexico, obsidian inali ndi mankhwala othandiza. Mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu yake yachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mankhwala kunali koyenera, kwakukulu, kulemetsa kwa miyambo yake ndi mawonekedwe ake, monga zidachitikira ndi mwala wobiriwira ochalchihuitl, womwe umadziwika kuti jade.
Monga chitsanzo cha lingaliro lamatsenga komanso lothandiza la obsidian, bambo Durán akuti: "Amachokera kulikonse kuchokera ku kachisi wa Texcatlipoca ... kudzagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aumulungu kwa iwo, motero gawo anamva kuwawa, ndipo anamva mpumulo wodabwitsa… kwa iwo zimawoneka ngati zakumwamba ”.
Kumbali yake, komanso ponena za phindu la mankhwala a kristalo wachilengedwe, Sahagún analemba mu cholembedwa chake chachikulu cha Florentine Codex kuti: "Ananenanso kuti ngati mayi wapakati awona dzuwa kapena mwezi utaphimbidwa, cholengedwa m'mimba mwake chidzabadwa. ma bezos ndi (milomo yolukana) ... pachifukwa chimenecho, amayi apakati samayesa kuyang'ana kadamsana, amatha kuyika lumo lakuda pamutu, lomwe limakhudza mnofu ". Poterepa, ndizodziwika kuti obsidian idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotchinjiriza motsutsana ndi mapangidwe a milungu yomwe idathandizira nkhondoyi.
Panalinso chikhulupiliro chakuti chifukwa chofanana ndi ziwalo zina monga impso kapena chiwindi, miyala ya obsidian yamtsinje inali ndi mphamvu yochiritsa ziwalo za thupi. Francisco Hernández adalemba mu Mbiri Yake Yachilengedwe zaukadaulo komanso zamankhwala zamchere zomwe zimachiritsa.
Mipeni, mipeni yamthumba, malupanga ndi zikwanje zomwe amwenyewa amagwiritsa ntchito, komanso pafupifupi zida zawo zonse zopangidwira zidapangidwa ndi obsidian, mwala wotchedwa Ztli wakomweko. Ufa wake, motero mumayendedwe ake amtambo, oyera ndi akuda, osakanikirana ndi kristalo chimafafanizidwanso, chinachotsa mitambo ndi khungu m'maso pomveketsa bwino malingalirowo. Toltecaiztli, kapena mwala wosiyanasiyana wamitundu yakuda wa russet, udalinso ndi mawonekedwe ofanana; eliztehuilotlera mwala wakuda kwambiri wonyezimira wobwera kuchokera ku Mixteca Alta ndipo mosakayikira ndi wa mitundu ya deiztli. Zimanenedwa kuti zimathamangitsa ziwanda, kuthamangitsa serpeintes ndi zonse zomwe zinali zowopsa, komanso kuyanjanitsa kukondana kwa akalonga.
Ponena za phokoso la obsidian
Pamene obsidian imathyoka ndipo zidutswa zake zimagundana, mawu ake ndi achilendo kwambiri. Kwa amwenyewo anali ndi tanthauzo lapadera ndipo amayerekezera phokoso lam'mbuyomo lamkuntho ndi madzi othamanga. Zina mwamaumboni olembedwa pankhaniyi ndi ndakatulo ya Itzapan nonatzcayan ("malo omwe miyala ya obsidian imalowa m'madzi").
"Itzapan Nantzcaya, nyumba yoyipa ya akufa, pomwe ndodo ya Mictlantecutli imakhala yolemekezeka. Ndi nyumba yomaliza ya anthu, komwe kumakhala mwezi, ndipo akufa akuunikiridwa ndi gawo losungunuka: ndi dera lamiyala ya obsidian, ndi mphekesera zazikulu za madzi amatuluka ndikuwomba komanso kugunda kwamabingu ndikukankhira ndikupanga mikuntho yowopsa ".
Kutengera kusanthula kwa ma codex a Latin Latin ndi Florentine, wofufuza Alfredo López-Austin adatsimikiza kuti, malinga ndi nthano za Mexica, gawo lachisanu ndi chitatu lomwe limapanga gawo lakumwamba lili ndimakona a obsidian slabs. Kumbali inayi, gawo lachinayi la njira ya akufa kulowera ku ElMictlánera kwa "phiri la obsidian" lowoneka bwino, pomwe lachisanu "mphepo ya obsidian idapambana". Pomaliza, gawo lachisanu ndi chinayi linali "malo obsidian a akufa," malo opanda utsi wotchedwa utsi wotchedwa Itzmictlan apochcalocan.
Pakadali pano, chikhulupiliro chofala chimapitilira kuti obsidian ili ndi zina mwazomwe zimanenedwa mdziko lakale la ku Spain, ndichifukwa chake amatengedwa ngati mwala wamatsenga komanso wopatulika. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza ndi chimbudzi chaphalaphala, chimayenderana ndi choyatsira moto ndipo chimawerengedwa ngati mwala wodziyesera wokha ndi chithandizo chamankhwala, ndiye kuti, "mwala womwe umakhala ngati galasi lomwe kuwala kwake kumapweteketsa maso a chinthu chomwe sichili akufuna kuwona chinyezimiro chake. Chifukwa cha kukongola kwake, obsidian amadziwika kuti ndi ma esoteric mikhalidwe, yomwe, popeza tsopano tikuwona kuyambika kwa Zakachikwi zatsopano, ikukula modetsa nkhawa. Nanga bwanji za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu pakupanga mitundu yonse ya zikumbutso za obsidian zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'malo ofukula mabwinja ndi misika ya alendo!
Mwachidule, titha kunena kuti obsidian, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera ndi mawonekedwe ake okongoletsa, akupitilizabe kukhala othandizira komanso owoneka bwino, monganso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala m'dziko lathu nthawi yakale, pomwe zimawerengedwa ngati galasi lanthano, chishango jenereta ndi wosunga zithunzi zomwe zimawonetsedwa.
mwala wa obsidian obsidian
