M'chigawo cha Chihuahua, kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa Casas Grandes, kumwera kwa tawuni ya dzina lomweli, malo awa asanachitike ku Spain omwe olemba mbiri achi Spain adatcha kuti "mzinda waukulu [wokhala] ndi nyumba zomwe zimawoneka kuti zidamangidwa ndi akale Aroma ... "Dziwani!
Mpaka posachedwa, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico kunali malo osadziwika kwa akatswiri azachikhalidwe ndi akatswiri ofukula zamabwinja, mpaka mwina kulibe malo ena osadziwika ku North America. Dera lalikulu la zipululu, zigwa, ndi mapiri adagawana ndi Paquimé ndi malo ena akuluakulu akumwera kwa United States, monga Chaco ndi Aztec ku New Mexico, Mesa Verde kumwera kwa Colorado, ndi Snaketown kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Arizona. chikhalidwe chomwe Paul Kirchhoff adabatiza ngati Oasisamerica.
Cha m'ma 1958, kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Dr. Charles Di Peso, mothandizidwa ndi Amerind Foundation, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi yokhazikitsira malowo, yopangidwa ndi nthawi zitatu zofunika: nthawi yakale (10,000 BC-1060 AD); Nthawi ya Middle (1060-1475), ndi nthawi Yochedwa (1475-1821).
M'derali, nthawi yakale ndi msewu wautali wosintha kwachikhalidwe. Ndi nthawi yosaka ndi kusonkhanitsa, yomwe imapangitsa kuti amuna azifunafuna chakudya kudzera m'malo akutali kwa zaka pafupifupi 10,000, mpaka pomwe adayamba kuchita zokolola zoyambirira, cha m'ma 1000 nthawi yathu ino isanakwane. Pambuyo pake, potengera miyambo yazomangamanga zadothi zomwe zidapangidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, Paquimé akuwuka, ndi midzi yaying'ono yazinyumba zisanu kapena zingapo zapansi panthaka komanso nyumba yayikulu, malo azikhalidwe, yozunguliridwa ya patio ndi mabwalo. Izi ndi nthawi zomwe kusinthana kwa zipolopolo ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali yomwe amalonda adabweretsa kuchokera kumagombe a Pacific Ocean komanso kuchokera kumigodi yakumwera kwa New Mexico, motsatana, kudayamba. Nthawi zomwe chipembedzo cha Tezcatlipoca chidabadwira ku Mesoamerica.
Pambuyo pake, kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Middle East, gulu la atsogoleri omwe adayamba kuwongolera kasamalidwe ka madzi, komanso omwe adalumikizana mwa mgwirizano ndi maukwati ndi ansembe ofunikira kwambiri, adaganiza zokhazikitsa malo omwe nthawi yomweyo mchere ukhoza kukhala likulu lamphamvu m'chigawochi. Kukula kwa maluso a zaulimi kudalimbikitsa kukula kwa mzindawu, ndipo munthawi yomwe idatenga pafupifupi zaka mazana atatu, imodzi mwamaofesi oyenera kwambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico idamangidwa, kuyenda bwino ndikugwa.
Paquimé adalumikiza zikhalidwe zakumpoto (mwachitsanzo, Hohokam, Anazasi ndi Mogollón) m'moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku, monga zomangamanga zadothi, zitseko zooneka ngati mapale komanso kupembedza mbalame, mwa zina, ndi zikhalidwe zakumwera, makamaka ma Toltec a Quetzalcóatl, monga masewera a mpira.
Ulamuliro wa dera la Paquimé umadalira kwenikweni pazachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chilengedwe chake. Chifukwa chake, idapeza mcherewo kuchokera kudera lachipululu cha Samalayuca, womwe umapanga malire ake chakum'mawa; kuchokera kumadzulo, kuchokera kugombe la Pacific Ocean, kunabwera chipolopolo chogulitsa; kumpoto kunali migodi yamkuwa yamchigawo cha Mtsinje wa Gila, ndipo kumwera kwa Mtsinje wa Papigochi. Chifukwa chake, mawu oti Paquimé, omwe mchilankhulo cha Nahuatl amatanthauza "Nyumba Zazikulu", amatanthauza mzindawo komanso chikhalidwe chake, kotero kuti zimaphatikizira zojambula zokongola za m'phanga la Samalayuca, zomwe zikuyimira zithunzi zoyambirira za malingaliro aku America. , chigwa chokhala ndi malo ofukula mabwinja ndi mapanga okhala ndi nyumba kumapiri, zomwe ndizizindikiro zazikulu zakupezeka kwa munthu m'malo awa omwe akadali ankhanza lero.
Zina mwazomwe zidachitika muukadaulo zomwe zidawonetsa kusintha kwa Paquimé timapeza kasamalidwe ka hydraulic system. Maenje omwe amapatsira madzi mumzinda wakale wa Puerto Rico wa Paquimé adayamba kumapeto kwa kasupe kotchedwa Ojo Vareleño, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita asanu kumpoto kwa mzindawu. Madzi anali kunyamulidwa kudzera mu ngalande, ngalande, milatho, ndi ngalande. ngakhale mumzinda momwemo munali chitsime chapansi panthaka, momwe okhalamo adapeza madzi panthawi yazinga.
Pomwe Francisco de Ibarra adasanthula chigwa cha Casas Grandes mu 1560, wolemba mbiri yake adalemba kuti: "tidapeza misewu yamatabwa", ndipo kuyambira pamenepo olemba mbiri ambiri, apaulendo komanso ochita kafukufuku atsimikizira kukhalapo kwa misewu yachifumu yomwe imadutsa mapiri a Sierra Madre de Chihuahua ndi ya Sonora, yolumikiza osati anthu okhala m'chigawocho komanso kumadzulo ndi mapiri akumpoto. Momwemonso, pali umboni wa njira yolumikizirana yayitali pamapiri ataliatali; Izi ndi zomanga zozungulira kapena zopanda dongosolo, zolumikizidwa mwapakatikati, zomwe zimathandizira kulumikizana kudzera pamagalasi kapena mosuta. Kumbali imodzi ya mzinda wa Paquimé ndiye nyumba yayikulu kwambiri, yotchedwa Cerro Moctezuma.
M'malingaliro a okonza mapulani omwe adapanga ndikukonzekera mzindawu, lingaliro loti magwiridwe antchito ndi mawonekedwe azikhalidwe adalipo nthawi zonse. Mzindawu udakwaniritsa zofuna zambiri za anthu okhalamo, kuphatikizapo malo ogona, kuphika chakudya, kusunga, kulandila, zosangalatsa, kupanga zokambirana, malo osungira ma macaw komanso nyumba za ansembe, ochiritsa, mezcaleros, amalonda, osewera. mpira, ankhondo ndi atsogoleri komanso mafumu.
Paquimé adalembedwera pamndandanda wamtundu wapadziko lonse wa UNESCO chifukwa kapangidwe kake kadothi ndizolemba pakukonzekera kwa ukadaulo wa zomangamanga zamtundu wapaderawu; Malo onse okhala ndi malo omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa amapangidwa ndi njira yomanga yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito dongo lopanda, kuthira mu nkhungu zamatabwa ndikuyika mizere motsatira, umodzi pamwamba pa mzake, mpaka kutalika komwe kukuyembekezeka kudakwaniritsidwa.
Dr. Di Peso adakhazikitsa kuti mzindawu udakonzedweratu kukhalamo anthu pafupifupi 2,242 muzipinda zonse 1,780, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa m'magulu am'banja, ngati nyumba. Polumikizidwa ndi makonde, ndikupanga mawonekedwe azikhalidwe mumzinda, maguluwa anali odziyimira pawokha, ngakhale zipindazo zinali pansi pa denga lomwelo. Popita nthawi anthu adakulirakulira ndipo madera omwe kale anali anthu adasandulika nyumba; ngakhale makonde angapo adatsekedwa kuti awasandutse zipinda zogona.
Zigawo zina zidamangidwa koyambirira kwa Middle East ndipo pambuyo pake zidasinthidwa kwambiri. Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi gulu lachisanu ndi chimodzi, banja lomwe lili kumpoto kwa plaza, lomwe lidayamba ngati kagulu kakang'ono ka zipinda zodziyimira pawokha ndipo pambuyo pake lidalumikizidwa ku Casa del Pozo.
La Casa del Pozo amadziwika kuti ndi chitsime chake chapansi panthaka, chokhacho mumzinda wonsewo. Zotheka kuti malowa adakhala anthu 792 muzipinda zonse 330. Nyumba iyi yazipinda, cellars, patio ndi mabwalo otsekedwa inali ndi zinthu zambiri zakale zokumbidwa pansi zodziwika bwino pakupanga zida za zipolopolo. Zipinda zake zosungiramo zinthu zakale zinali ndi ma sehells mamiliyoni ambiri osachepera mitundu makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ochokera kumalire a Gulf of California, kuphatikiza pa chidutswa cha rhyolite chunk, turquoise, mchere, selenite ndi mkuwa, komanso zotengera makumi asanu kuchokera Dera la Mtsinje wa Gila, New Mexico.
Gulu la banjali limapereka umboni wowonekera bwino waukapolo, popeza mkati mwa chipinda chake chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhokwe, chitseko chowonekera chidapezeka chomwe chimalumikizidwa mchipinda chomwe chidagwa, chomwe kutalika kwake sikufikira mita imodzi, komwe kumakhala ndi zipolopolo zosawerengeka ndi zotsalira zamunthu wamkati mkati, wokhala, wokhala yemwe mwina anali kugwira ntchito zidutswazo panthawi yakugwa.
Kumwera kwa Casa de la Noria kuli Casa de los Cranios, kotchedwa chifukwa m'chipinda chimodzi chake munapezeka mafoni opangidwa ndi zigaza za anthu. Gulu lina laling'ono la banja limodzi ndi Nyumba ya Akufa, yomwe munali anthu khumi ndi atatu. Umboni wamabwinja ukusonyeza kuti anthuwa anali akatswiri pamiyambo yakufa, popeza zipinda zawo zimakhala ndi manda ambiri osakwatiwa komanso angapo. Pokhala ndi zopereka ndi ng'oma za ceramic ndi zinthu zina zakale zokumbidwa pansi monga zingwe, maliro awa adalumikizidwa ndi miyambo yomwe ma macaws olemekezeka amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Casa de los Hornos, kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mzindawu, ili ndi zipinda khumi ndi chimodzi. Chifukwa cha umboni wofukula m'mabwinja womwe udapezeka pamalopo, zimadziwika kuti nzika zake zidadzipereka pakupanga zakumwa zambiri za agave, zotchedwa "sotol", zomwe zimamwedwa m'maphwando azaulimi. Nyumbayi yazunguliridwa ndi ma uvuni anayi ophatikizika omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwotcha mitu ya agave.
Casa de las Guacamayas mwina inali malo omwe bambo Sahagún adatcha "amalonda nthenga", omwe ku Paquimé adadzipereka kukweza macaws. Ili pakatikati pa mzindawu, makomo ake akuluakulu amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi malo apakati. M'nyumba yaying'ono, yosanja imodzi yayitali mutha kuwona ziphuphu kapena zotetera momwe nyama zidakulira.
Mulu wa Mbalame umapereka chithunzi cha njira yomangira nyumba zokhala ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimafanana ndi mbalame kapena njoka, monga momwe ziliri ndi Mound of the Serpent, kamangidwe kapadera ku America. Mbalame Mound imapangidwa ngati mbalame yopanda mutu, ndipo mayendedwe ake amatsanzira miyendo yake.
Mzindawu umaphatikizanso nyumba zina, monga kumwera kwa ma bwalo, bwalo lamiyendo ndi nyumba ya Mulungu, nyumba zonse zovuta kwambiri zomangidwa ndi malingaliro achipembedzo, omwe anali chimango cholandirira apaulendo omwe adachokera kumwera.
