Zambiri zanenedwa za ma dinosaurs m'masiku aposachedwa ndipo tikudziwa kuti amakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana omwe ndi dziko lathu pakadali pano, ngakhale zinali kutali kwambiri kotero kuti pomwe zidatha, Sierra Madre Occidental idalibe. Zinatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kuti misa yayikuluyi, komanso ndi Sierra Tarahumara, iwuke.
Pafupifupi zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo, nthawi yamaphunziro apamwamba, dera lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa malo omwe tsopano ndi Mexico lidavutika ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri, chinthu chomwe chidapitilira zaka zopitilira 15 miliyoni. Ziphalaphala zikwizikwi zinaphulika paliponse, ndikuphimba dera lalikulu ndikutuluka kwa ziphalaphala zaphulusa. Madalitsowa adapanga mapiri akuluakulu m'mapiri, ena mwa iwo adakwera kwambiri kuposa 3,000 m.
Kuphulika kwa mapiri, komwe kumalumikizidwa nthawi zonse ndi zochitika komanso mayendedwe a tectonic, kumabweretsa zolakwika zazikulu za geological zomwe zidapangitsa kuphulika kumtundaku ndikupanga ming'alu yakuya. Zina mwa izi zidafika pafupifupi 2,000m kuya. Pakapita nthawi komanso momwe madzi amayendera, mvula ndi mafunde apansi panthaka adapanga mitsinje ndi mitsinje yomwe idalumikizana pansi pa zigwa ndi zigwa, kuzikulitsa ndikuwononga komanso kuwononga njira zawo. Zotsatira za mamiliyoni onse azaka zosinthazi zomwe titha kusangalala nazo tsopano ndi dongosolo lalikulu la Barrancas del Cobre.
Zigwa zazikulu ndi mitsinje yawo
Mitsinje ikuluikulu yam'mphepete mwa nyanja imapezeka mkati mwa zigwa zofunika kwambiri. Sierra Tarahumara yonse, kupatula Conchos, imadutsa ku Gulf of California; mafunde ake amachoka m'zigwa zazikulu za zigawo za Sonora ndi Sinaloa. Mtsinje wa Conchos umayenda ulendo wautali kudutsa m'mapiri, komwe umabadwirako, kenako umadutsa zigwa ndi zipululu za Chihuahuan kuti ulowe nawo Rio Grande ndikutuluka kupita ku Gulf of Mexico.
Zambiri zakhala zikukambidwa zakuya kwa mitsinje yapadziko lonse lapansi, koma malinga ndi American Richard Fisher, mitsinje ya Urique (yokhala ndi 1,879 m), Sinforosa (yokhala ndi 1,830 m) ndi Batopilas (yokhala ndi 1,800 m) amakhala m'malowa padziko lonse lapansi. chachisanu ndi chitatu, chisanu ndi chinayi ndi chakhumi, motsatana; pamwamba pa Grand Canyon, ku United States (1,425 m).
Mathithi akuluakulu
Mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Copper Canyon ndi mathithi ake, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. A Piedra Volada ndi Basaseachi amadziwika. Yoyamba ili ndi mathithi okwana 45 m, ndiye yachinayi kapena yachisanu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ndiyabwino kwambiri ku Mexico. Kupezeka kwa mathithi awa ndi aposachedwa ndipo chifukwa chofufuza kwa Cuauhtémoc City Speleology Group.
Mtsinje wa Basaseachi, wodziwika zaka 100, uli ndi kutalika kwa 246 m., Umene umawupatsa nambala 22 padziko lapansi, 11th ku America ndipo wachisanu ku North America. Ku Mexico ndi wachiwiri. Kuphatikiza pa awiriwa, pali mathithi ena ambiri okwera komanso kukongola omwe amagawidwa m'mapiri onsewa.
Nyengo
Pokhala zophwanyidwa komanso zadzidzidzi, mitsinjeyo imakhala nyengo zosiyanasiyana, mosiyana ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, mdera lomwelo. Mwambiri, pali madera awiri omwe amapezeka ku Sierra Tarahumara: omwe ndi mapiri ndi mapiri kumtunda kwa chipululu ndi kumunsi kwa zigwa.
Pamtunda wopitilira 1,800 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, nyengo imakhala yozizira mpaka yozizira chaka chonse, ndimvula yambiri m'nyengo yozizira komanso nthawi zina kugwa kwa chipale chofewa komwe kumapereka kukongola komanso kukongola pamalowo. Kenako kutentha komwe kumakhala pansi pa 0 degrees Celsius kumalembedwa, komwe nthawi zina kumatsikira mpaka 23 degrees Celsius.
M'nyengo yotentha, mapiri amawonetsa kukongola kwake kwakukulu, mvula imagwa pafupipafupi, malo amasandulika obiriwira ndipo zigwa zimasefukira ndi maluwa amitundumitundu. Kutentha kwapakati ndiye 20 madigiri Celsius, osiyana kwambiri ndi zigawo zina zonse za Chihuahua, zomwe ndizokwera kwambiri munthawi ino ya chaka. Sierra Tarahumara imapereka nyengo yabwino kwambiri m'dziko lonselo.
Mosiyana ndi izi, nyengo kumunsi kwa Copper Canyon ndi kotentha ndipo nyengo yake yozizira ndiyabwino kwambiri, chifukwa imakhala yotentha pafupifupi 17 degrees Celsius. Kumbali ina, m'nyengo yachilimwe, nyengo ya Barranco ndiyolemera, pafupifupi imakwera mpaka 35 digiri Celsius, ndipo kutentha mpaka 45 digiri Celsius kwalembedwa m'derali. Mvula yambiri yachilimwe imapangitsa kuyenda kwa mathithi, mitsinje ndi mitsinje kukwera mpaka kutsika kwake.
Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana
Kukula modzidzimutsa kwa malo, ndi malo otsetsereka kwambiri kotero kuti amatha kupitilira 2,000 m m'makilomita ochepa, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo kumabweretsa kulemera kwapadera komanso kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe m'mapiri. Zomera ndi zinyama zachuluka, ndiye kuti, sizikupezeka kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Mapiriwa ali ndi nkhalango zazikulu komanso zokongola komwe pamakhala mitengo ya paini, ngakhale mitengo ya oak, poplars, junipers (komwe kumatchedwa táscates), mitengo ya alders ndi sitiroberi imachulukanso. Pali mitundu 15 ya mapaini ndi 25 ya mitengo ikuluikulu. Nkhalango zokongola za Guadalupe y Calvo, Madera ndi dera la Basaseachi zimatipatsa chithunzithunzi chapadera chakumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, pomwe popula ndi alders, asanataye masamba, amayamba kukhala ndi mawu achikaso, lalanje ndi ofiira omwe amatsutsana ndi mitengo yobiriwira ya mitengo ikuluikulu, mitengo ikuluikulu M'chilimwe mapiri onse amasamba ndikudzaza mitundu, ndipamene mitundu yake yazomera imasangalatsa kwambiri. Maluwa ambiri, ochuluka panthawiyi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi a Tarahumara mumankhwala awo achikhalidwe ndi chakudya.
Pali mitundu yotsatizana yazomera kuchokera kumtunda wapakatikati mpaka kumtunda mpaka pansi pa zigwa zomwe tchire limafalikira. Mitengo ndi cacti zingapo: lechugilla), sotol (Dasylirio wheeleri), ndi mitundu ina yambiri. M'madera achinyezi pali mitundu monga ceiba (Ceiba sp), mitengo ya mkuyu (Ficus spp), guamuchil (Pithcollobium dulce), mabango (Otate bamboo), burseras (Bursera spp) ndi liana kapena liana, pakati pa ena.
Zinyama za Copper Canyon zimakhala m'malo otentha kapena otentha. Pafupifupi 30% ya mitundu ya nyama zakutchire zolembetsedwa ku Mexico zakhala zili m'mapiriwa, zimasiyanitsa: chimbalangondo chakuda (Ursus americanus), puma (Felis concolor), otter (Lutra canadensis), nswala zoyera ( Odocoileus virginianus), nkhandwe yaku Mexico (Canis lupus baileyi) yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chotha, nguluwe (Tayassutajacu), mphaka wamtchire (Lynx rufus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), baji kapena cholugo (Taxidea taxus) ndi skunk yamizere (Mephitis macroura), kuphatikiza mitundu yambiri ya mileme, agologolo ndi hares.
Mitundu 290 ya mbalame yolembetsedwa: 24 mwa izo zatha ndipo 10 ili pachiwopsezo chotheratu, monga green macaw (Ara militaris), parrot yam'mapiri (Rbynchopsitta pachyrbyncha) ndi coca (Euptilotis noxenus). M'madera akutali kwambiri, kuwuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide (Aquila chsaetos) ndi nkhono ya peregrine (Falco peregrinus) imatha kuwonekabe. Zina mwa mbalamezi ndi monga nkhalango, ngulube zakutchire, zinziri, ankhandwe, ndi milu. Mbalame zikwizikwi zosamukasamuka zimafika m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka atsekwe ndi abakha omwe akuthawa kuzizira koopsa kumpoto kwa United States ndi Canada. Ili ndi mitundu 87 ya zokwawa ndipo 20 za amphibiya, mwa 22 zoyambirira ndizopezekapo ndipo khumi ndi awiri ali ndi khalidweli.
Pali mitundu 50 ya nsomba zamadzi oyera, zina zimadya monga utawaleza (Salmo gardneri), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), mojarra (Lepomis macrochirus), sardine (Algansea lacustris), catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) carp (Cyprinus carpio) ndi charal (Chirostoma bartoni).
Chihuahua al Pacifico Njanji
Imodzi mwa ntchito zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Mexico yomwe ili mkati mwa malo ochititsa chidwi a Copper Canyon: njanji ya Chihuahua al Pacífico, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Novembala 24, 1961 kuti ipititse patsogolo chitukuko cha Sierra Tarahumara, ndikupereka Chihuahua kutuluka kunyanja kudzera ku Sinaloa.
Njirayi imayambira ku Ojinaga, imadutsa mumzinda wa Chihuahua, imadutsa Sierra Tarahumara ndikutsikira kugombe la Sinaloa, kudzera ku Los Mochis mpaka ku Topolobampo. Utali wonse wa njanjiyi ndi 941 km ndipo uli ndi milatho 410 yazitali zosiyanasiyana, yayitali kwambiri ndi ya Río Fuerte yokhala ndi theka la kilomita komanso yayitali kwambiri ku Río Chínipas yokhala ndi 90 m. Ili ndi ma tunnel 99 okwana 21.2 km, atali kwambiri ndi El Descanso, m'malire pakati pa Chihuahua ndi Sonora, kutalika kwa 1.81 km ndi Continental ku Creel, ndi 1.26 km Panjira yake imakwera mpaka 2,450 mita pamwamba pa mulingo wa nyanja.
Njanjiyo imadutsa amodzi mwa madera okwera kwambiri a chipululu, imadutsa Barranca del Septentrión, yakuya mamita 1,600, ndi malo ena mumtsinje wa Urique, womwe ndi wakuya kwambiri ku Mexico. Malo okhala pakati pa Creel, Chihuahua, ndi Los Mochis, Sinaloa, ndi ochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ntchito yomanga njanjiyi idayambitsidwa ndi boma la Chihuahua mu 1898, kufika ku Creel mu 1907. Ntchitoyi idamalizidwa mpaka 1961.
