Alto Amajac ili m'chigawo china cha Atotonilco el Grande, yemwe mutu wake, womwe uli ndi dzina lofananalo, umakhala paphiri lalitali lomwe lili mbali zonse ziwiri ndi zigwa ziwiri: Rio Grande de Tulancingo ndi Amajac.
Hidalgo ndi mkhalidwe wosiyana. Tikamayenda kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kumalo ena timawona m'malo awa malo osiyanasiyana, nyengo ndi udzu, wopindulitsa ndi mitsinje, akasupe ndi mitsinje. Bungweli, ngakhale lili pakatikati pa dzikolo, dera lokhalamo anthu komanso njira zabwino zolankhulirana, limasungabe malo obisika, osadziwika kwenikweni, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mizinda ndi malo ena omwe anthu ambiri akuchuluka: Malo Osungira Zachilengedwe.
Pakati pa mapiri ataliatali a El Chico National Park, pakati pa nkhalango za paini ndi moss womwe umazikuta, mtsinje umayamba kuyenda. Amalumikizidwa ndi mitsinje ing'onoing'ono kumapeto kwa zigwa, zowoneka bwino kuchokera pamwamba pa thanthwe la Escondida, lomwe lili pamtunda wa mamita 140 pamwamba pa mtsinje wa Los Cedros, wodziwika m'derali. Madzi ake amagwera pamtsinje wokongola wa Bandola, pafupi ndi mphambano ya mseu wolungika womwe umalumikiza msewu waukulu wa feduro wopita ku Tampico ndi matauni a Carboneras ndi Mineral del Chico. Pambuyo pake mphepoyo imapita kumpoto, tsopano mtsinje wa Bandola, womwe umayambira m'chigwa chomwe pambuyo pake chidzakhala canyon, koma usanalowe mdzenje umalandira dzina lake lenileni: Amajac.
Alto Amajac ili m'chigawo china cha Atotonilco el Grande, yemwe mutu wake, womwe uli ndi dzina lofananalo, umakhala paphiri lalitali lomwe lili mbali zonse ziwiri ndi zigwa ziwiri: Rio Grande de Tulancingo ndi Amajac. Chiphalachi chimapangidwa ndi miyala yopanda madzi kuyambira nthawi yapamwamba, yomwe imakhala ndi basalt, mwala wokhala ndi miyala yabwino kwambiri yomwe imatha kulowa ndikutsitsimula madzi kuchokera mumvula. Nthaka yokhazikika imapezeka kumpoto kwa Atotonilco Plateau, komwe kuli munda wa El Zoquital. Ngakhale mabelala osadutsika okhala ndi matope odongo amatha kuwonekeranso, dothi lovomerezeka ndivuto lalikulu kwa alimi ku El Zoquital akafunika kusunga madzi m'madamu kuti athirire minda yawo.
Zaka zambiri zapitazo, eni mundawu adamanga dziwe, koma mvula itagwa ndipo ngakhale panali njira yodyetsera, nthaka idalowetsa madzi osasiya dontho lililonse. Pakadali pano pali malo olimidwa omwe ali ndi ngalande ndi ngalande, ngakhale malo ambiri opatsidwa ntchitoyi ndi akanthawi. Hernán Cortés, mu Letters of Relationship, analemba chochitika chomwe malinga ndi akatswiri chinachitika m'zidikha za Atotonilco Plateau.
Mu 1522, a Otomi aku Meztitlán, atagwirizana mwamtendere kupereka msonkho kwa anthu aku Spain, "sikuti adangosiya kumvera komwe adapereka kale, koma adawononganso dziko lachigawo, omwe anali pansi pa Mfumu Yanu Yachikatolika. , akuyatsa matauni ambiri ndikupha anthu ambiri ... "
Cortés adatumiza kapitawo ndi "okwera pamahatchi makumi atatu ndi ma pawns zana, oponya zigawenga komanso omenyera mfuti ...", koma izi sizinafikire anthu ochepa ovulala, monga Cortés akunenera kuti: "Ndipo zidakondweretsa Ambuye wathu kuti adzafunanso kubwerera mwamtendere ndipo ambuye adandibweretsa, amene ndidawakhululukira kuti ndidabwera ndisanawamange ”.
ZOCHITIKA ZA ATOTONILCO
Dera la Atotonilco limakhala ndi nyengo yotentha yocheperako ndipo nyengo yapakati imakhala pakati pa 14 ndi 16 ° C, ndipo mvula imagwa pakati pa 700 mpaka 800 mm chaka chonse. M'derali mumakhala anthu ochokera ku Otomí kuyambira nthawi ya Spain isanachitike, ngakhale masiku ano zikhalidwe zambiri zamtunduwu zatha. Dzinalo Atotonilco limapangidwa ndi mawu atatu achi Nahua omwe amapatsa tanthauzo la "malo amadzi otentha", omwe mwina amakhudzana ndi akasupe otentha omwe amakhala pafupi ndi tawuniyi.
Otomi anali olamulidwa ndi a Chichimecas koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, asanalowe m'chigwa cha Mexico chifukwa chakuchepa kwa Tula. Pambuyo pazaka mazana anayi, ndi a Chichimecas omwe adagonja ku Mexica motsogozedwa ndi Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azipereka msonkho wosasangalatsa womwe omvera adatumiza ku Tenochtitlan. Pamapeto pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Spain, mbadwa zimamasulidwa ku msonkho wawo wakale, koma Hernán Cortés akapereka tawuni ya Atotonilco kwa msuweni wake Pedro de Paz, akuyeneranso kupereka tirigu ndi chakudya ku chakudya chawo chatsopano olamulira.
Pomwe a Pedro de Paz amwalira, ufulu woperekedwa kwa Francisca Ferrer umasungidwa; kenako inali ya Pedro Gómez de Cáceres, yemwe adaipereka kwa mwana wake wamwamuna Andrés de Tapia y Ferrer. Omaliza adakhazikitsa Hacienda de San Nicolás Amajac, omwe agawika magawo awiri otchedwa San José ndi EL Zoquital. Tapia y Ferrer amalandira ndalama zina zoperekedwa ndi Viceroy Diego Fernández de Córdoba, m'njira yoti mu 1615 anali mwini mahekitala 3 511 omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ziweto; akuti adapeza zoposa 10,000, pakati pazinthu zina zazing'ono.
Pakati pa 1615 ndi 1620, Tapia y Ferrer adagulitsa gawo lalikulu la zinthu zawo kwa Francisco Cortés, yemwe adakhala mwini malo wofunikira kwambiri mderali, pogula malo ena kuchokera ku Miguel Castañeda, mpaka mahekitala pafupifupi 26,000. San Nicolás Amajac hacienda adadutsa pamanja mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, mwini wake panthawiyo, Akazi a María de la Luz Padilla y Cervantes adaganiza zogawa mahekitala 43 zikwi ziwiri kuti apange minda iwiri, imodzi yotchedwa San Nicolás Zoquital , ndi San José Zoquital. Masiku ano woyamba amadziwika kuti El Zoquital ndipo wachiwiri amatchedwa San José.
Mkhalidwe wazandale komanso zachuma zomwe zidalamulira zaka zisanachitike boma la Porfirio Díaz zidapereka madera osiyana ku mafamu awiriwa. EL Zoquital imawonongeka kwathunthu ndikupita m'manja mwa boma; Kumbali inayi, San José imasungabe kukongola kwake mpaka nthawi yogawira agrarian, pambuyo pa kusintha, pomwe malo ake adagulitsidwa ndi ngongole komanso pamtengo wotsika mtengo. Kenako, alimi akumatauni oyandikana nawo adagula izi. Tsopano, malowa ndi minda yodzipereka paulimi, pomwe mtedza ndi mtedza wa pine umagwira pa famu yakale ya El Zoquital.
Msonkhano WOSANGALATSA WA SAN AGUSTÍN
Oyamba oyambilira a Augustinian omwe adafika ku Atotonilco el Grande mu 1536 anali Alonso de Borja, Gregorio de Salazar ndi Juan de San Martín. Atsogoleri atatu achipembedzo adasamalira kuphunzira chilankhulo cha mbadwazo kuti athe kuyankhulana nawo ndikutha kuwaphunzitsa za chipembedzo chatsopanocho. Alonso de Borja adamwalira atangofika ku Atotonilco, ndipo Augustinian yemwe adalalikira ku Metztitlán, Fray Juan de Sevilla, ndi amene amalowa m'malo mwake. Anayamba ntchito yomanga nyumba yayikulu ya kachisiyo ndi chipinda chake ndipo anali ndi chojambula cha plateresque chojambulidwa, pomwe adasiya chithunzi choyimira dzina la Atotonilco; mphika pamoto wotentha.
Munthawi yoyamba yomanga iyi, yomwe idachitika pakati pa 1540 ndi 1550, pansi ndi pamunsi pamsonkhanowu adamangidwanso, pamakoma ake okhala ndi zojambula zachipembedzo ndi nthanthi, monga yomwe ilipo pamakwerero, pomwe chithunzi cha Augustine Woyera akuwonekera atazunguliridwa ndi afilosofi Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Cicero, Pythagoras ndi Seneca. Tsoka ilo zojambula zina zimawonetsa kale kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Gawo lachiwiri lakumanga limatha mu 1586, tsiku lomwe limalembedwa m'chipinda choyimba. Fray Juan Pérez ndiye amayang'anira kumaliza ntchito yampingo wonse, womwe uli mbali imodzi ya bwaloli.
Plateau ya Atotonilco ndiyomwe imayambira kudera lamapiri, komwe kusintha kwakutali ndi zomera kumamveka kale mutadutsa pafupi ndi Mineral del Monte. Kuchokera pamitengo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu timapita ku mezauites, huizaches ndi cacti pamtunda wa makilomita 30 kapena 40 okha.
Kuchokera pa mamitala 2,080 okwera kwa mesa komwe Atotonilco yakhazikika, mitsinje yamadzi imadutsa mkatikati mwa dziko lapansi kuti iwonekere pambuyo pake akasupe amadzi am'madzi, m'mapiri owuma kwambiri, omwe kulowera chakumadzulo kumapeto kwa mtsinje wa Amajac, ku 1 700, 1 500, 1 300 m kutalika, kutsika ndi kutsika. Pamenepo, pomwe mapiri amasankha kulowa kuti apange milatho yachilengedwe ndikuwombedwa ndi mitsinje; kumene kutentha kumafikira komanso zobiriwira mvula isanagwe, zimatsitsimula.
NGATI MUPITA KU ATOTONILCO WAMKULU
Tengani khwalala ayi. 130 mpaka Pachuca. Kudutsa mzindawu 34 km ndi tawuni ya Atotonilco.
Kufamu ya San José: imafikiridwa ndi khwalala No. 105 kulowera ku Huejutla, mtunda wa makilomita asanu ndi awiri, tembenuzirani kumsewu wafumbi wopita kutauni ya San José Zoquital, komwe kuli famuyo. Kuyendera sikophweka, chifukwa pakali pano kumakhala anthu.
Exhacienda de El Zoquital: Momwemonso, tengani chitsogozo cha Huejutla ndi 10 km mtsogolo, kupita kumanzere panjira yadothi kuti mukafike ku tawuni ya El Zoquital, komwe kuli Hacienda San Nicolás Zoquital.
