Monga tonse tikudziwa, pali zolembedwa zambiri zantchito yaumishonale yomwe idachitika mzaka za 16th ku Mexico. Komabe, kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu uku, ngakhale kuli kwamaphunziro apamwamba komanso kudzoza kwaulaliki komwe kumadziwika ndi ntchito zambiri, kumakhala ndi zopinga zomwe sizikanatheka kupewa: zidalembedwa ndi amishonale eniwo.
Mwachabe tingafunefune mwa iwo mamiliyoni amitundu yaku Mexico omwe adachita nawo kampeni yayikuluyi yopanga Chikhristu. Chifukwa chake, kumanganso kulikonse kwa "kugonjetsanso kwauzimu", kutengera zomwe zapezeka, nthawi zonse kumangokhala gawo laling'ono, kuphatikiza chiwonetserochi. Kodi mibadwo yoyambirira ya amishonale idawona bwanji magwiridwe awoawo? Kodi zinali zolinga ziti zomwe malinga ndi iwo zidawalimbikitsa ndikuwatsogolera? Yankho likupezeka m'mapangano ndi malingaliro omwe adalemba m'zaka za zana la 16 komanso kudera lonse la Mexico. Kuchokera kwa iwo, maphunziro angapo ofunikira omasulira apangidwa m'zaka za zana la 20, pomwe ntchito za Robert Ricard (kope loyamba mu 1947), Pedro Borges (1960), Lino Gómez Canedo (1972), José María Kobayashi (1974) amadziwika. ), Daniel Ulloa (1977) ndi Christien Duvergier (1993).
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabuku, ziwerengero monga Pedro de Gante, Bernardino de Sahagún, Bartolomé de Las Casas, Motolinía, Vasco de Quiroga ndi ena, sadziwika kwa ambiri aku Mexico. Pachifukwa ichi, ndidapanga lingaliro lowonetsa awiri mwa otchulidwa omwe moyo wawo ndi ntchito zawo zidatsalira mumdima, koma akuyenera kupulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko: wokhulupirika wa Augustinian Guillermo de Santa María ndi wolamulira waku Dominican a Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada. Komabe, tisanalankhule za iwo, ndibwino kuti tifotokozere mwachidule nkhwangwa zazikuluzikulu za bizinesi yapaderayi yomwe inali kulalikira m'zaka za zana la 16.
Mfundo yoyamba yomwe amishonale onse adagwirizana inali yofunikira kuti “… tizule mizu ya zonyansa musanabzala mitengo ya ukoma…”, monga katekisimu waku Dominican adanena. Chikhalidwe chilichonse chomwe sichinagwirizane ndi Chikhristu chinkatengedwa ngati mdani wachikhulupiriro, chifukwa chake, chitha kuwonongedwa. Kuchulukitsaku kunadziwika ndi kukhazikika kwake komanso kuwonekera pagulu. Mwina nkhani yotchuka kwambiri inali mwambowu wokonzedwa ndi Bishopu Diego de Landa, ku Maní Yucatán, pa Julayi 12, 1562. Kumeneko, anthu ambiri omwe adalakwa "kupembedza mafano" adalangidwa kwambiri ndipo ambiri adakalipobe. zazikulu kwambiri za zinthu zopatulika ndi ma codex akale omwe adaponyedwa pamoto wamoto waukulu.
Gawo loyambalo la "kuwotchera manda" litatsirizidwa, kunabwera malangizo a nzika zachikhulupiriro chachikhristu komanso mpingo waku Spain, njira yokhayo yamoyo yomwe olandawo amawawona ngati otukuka. Zinali njira zingapo zomwe m'mishonale wachimJesuit wochokera ku Baja California pambuyo pake adzafotokoza kuti ndi "luso lazaluso." Inali ndi masitepe angapo, kuyambira ndi "kuchepa mtawuni" kwa mbadwazo zomwe zimakonda kukhala omwazikana. Kudziphunzitsa komweko kunachitika kuchokera m'masomphenya achinsinsi omwe amadziwika kuti amishonalewo ndi atumwi ndi mpingo wachikhalidwe ndi gulu loyambirira lachikhristu. Chifukwa chakuti achikulire ambiri sankafuna kutembenuka, malangizowo anali okhudza ana ndi achinyamata, popeza anali ngati "phula loyera ndi phula lofewa" pomwe aphunzitsi awo amatha kusindikiza mfundo zachikhristu mosavuta.
Sitiyenera kuyiwala kuti kufalitsa sikunali kokha kwa achipembedzo okha, koma kunkaphatikiza magawo onse amoyo. Imeneyi inali ntchito yowona chitukuko yomwe inali ndi malo ophunzirira m'matchalitchi, a aliyense, komanso masukulu achimuna, am'magulu achichepere osankhidwa mosamala. Palibe ziwonetsero kapena zaluso zomwe zinali zachilendo pantchito yayikulu yophunzitsayi: makalata, nyimbo, kuyimba, zisudzo, kupenta, zosemedwa, zomangamanga, ulimi, kutukuka m'mizinda, mabungwe azachuma, malonda, ndi zina zambiri. Chotsatira chake chinali kusintha kwachikhalidwe komwe kulibe kofanana m'mbiri yaumunthu, chifukwa chakuya komwe idafika komanso nthawi yayifupi yomwe idatenga.
Ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti udali mpingo wamishonale, ndiye kuti, womwe sunakhazikitsidwe ndikudziwika ndi dongosolo lachikoloni. Maofesiwa anali asanakhale ansembe akumidzi komanso oyang'anira madera olemera. Izi zinali nthawi zakusunthika kwakukulu, mwauzimu komanso mwakuthupi. Inali nthawi ya khonsolo yoyamba yaku Mexico pomwe ukapolo, kukakamiza anthu kugwira ntchito, encomienda, nkhondo yonyansa yolimbana ndi amwenye omwe amatchedwa akunja ndi mavuto ena oyaka panthawiyi amafunsidwa. Ndizochita zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chidafotokozedwapo kale komwe magwiridwe antchito a thunthu lokhalapo, Augustinian woyamba, wina waku Dominican: Fray Guillermo de Santa María ndi Fray Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada, omwe maphunziro awo timapereka.
WAFUPA GUILLERMO DE SANTA MARÍA, O.S.A.
Wobadwira ku Talavera de la Reina, m'chigawo cha Toledo, Fray Guillermo anali wopanda nkhawa. Ayenera kuti adaphunzira ku Yunivesite ya Salamanca, asanayambe kapena atatenga chizolowezi cha Augustinian chotchedwa Fray Francisco Asaldo. Anathawa kunyumba kwawo kuti akwere ku New Spain, komwe ayenera kuti anali kale mu 1541, popeza adamenya nawo nkhondo ya Jalisco. M'chaka chimenecho adayambanso chizolowezi, tsopano chotchedwa Guillermo de Talavera. M'mawu a wolemba mbiri yake "osakhutira ndikubwera kuchokera ku Spain wothawathawa, adapulumutsanso wina m'chigawochi, kubwerera ku Spain, koma popeza Mulungu adazindikira komwe wantchito wake ali, adamubwereranso ku ufumuwu ku alandire mathero osangalatsa omwe anali nawo ”.
Zowonadi, kubwerera ku Mexico, pafupifupi chaka cha 1547, adasinthanso dzina lake, tsopano akumadzitcha yekha Fray Guillermo de Santa María. Anasinthiranso moyo wake: kuchokera panjira yopanda chiyembekezo komanso yopanda tanthauzo adapanga njira yotsimikizika kupita kuutumiki wazaka zopitilira makumi awiri wopatulira kutembenuka kwa Amwenye a Chichimeca, kuchokera kumalire ankhondo omwe panthawiyo anali kumpoto kwa chigawo cha Michoacán . Pokhala mnyumba ya amango Huango, adakhazikitsa, mu 1555, tawuni ya Pénjamo, komwe adalembetsa koyamba njira yake yaumishonale: kupanga malo osakanikirana a Tarascans amtendere ndi a Chichimecas opanduka. Anabwereza zomwezi poyambitsa tawuni ya San Francisco m'chigwa cha dzina lomweli, pafupi ndi tawuni ya San Felipe, nyumba yake yatsopano pambuyo pa Huango. Mu 1580 adachoka kumalire a Chichimeca, pomwe adasankhidwa kukhala nyumba yamatchalitchi ku Zirosto ku Michoacán. Kumeneku mwina adamwalira mu 1585, munthawi yake kuti asaone kulephera kwa ntchito yake yopezako mtendere chifukwa chobwerera kwa a Chichimecas omwe anali ocheperako pamiyoyo yomwe anali nayo kale.
A Fray Guillermo amakumbukiridwa bwino chifukwa cholemba mu 1574 chokhudza kuvomerezeka kwa nkhondo yomwe boma lachikoloni limalimbana ndi a Chichimecas. Kulemekezedwa komwe anali nako ndi anthu opanda ulemu kunapangitsa kuti a Fray Guillermo alembe masamba angapo operekedwa ku "miyambo yawo ndi moyo wawo kuti, ngati tidziwa bwino, athe kuwona ndikumvetsetsa chilungamo cha nkhondoyi yomwe yakhala ikuchitika ndipo ikuchitidwa motsutsana nawo. ", Monga akunenera m'ndime yoyamba ya ntchito yake. Zowonadi, okonda athu a Augustinian adagwirizana molingana ndi zomwe Spain idachita motsutsana ndi Amwenye akunja, koma osati ndi momwe zidachitikira, popeza zinali pafupi kwambiri ndi zomwe tikudziwa tsopano ngati "nkhondo yonyansa ".
Apa, kumapeto kwa nkhani yachiduleyi, malongosoledwe omwe adafotokoza zakusowa kwamakhalidwe komwe kumadziwika ndi machitidwe aku Spain pochita ndi Amwenye opanduka akumpoto: "kuphwanya lonjezo lamtendere ndikukhululukirana lomwe lapatsidwa kwa iwo mawu apakamwa ndikuti alonjezedwa polemba, kuphwanya chitetezo cha akazembe omwe amabwera mwamtendere, kapena kuwabisalira, kuyika chipembedzo chachikhristu ngati nyambo ndikuwauza kuti asonkhane m'matauni kuti azikhala mwakachetechete pamenepo ndikuwatenga, kapena kuwafunsa kuti awapatse anthu ndikuthandizira motsutsana ndi amwenye ena ndikudzipereka kuti amange omwe amabwera kudzathandiza ndikuwapanga akapolo, zonse zomwe achita motsutsana ndi a Chichimecas ”.
WOPAMBANA PEDRO LORENZO DE LA NADA, O. P.
M'zaka zomwezo, koma kumapeto kwenikweni kwa New Spain, m'malire a Tabasco ndi Chiapas, mmishonale wina adaperekedwanso kuti achepetse ndi Amwenye omwe anali opanda malire pamalire ankhondo. Fray Pedro Lorenzo, akudzitcha kuti Palibe, anali atabwera kuchokera ku Spain cha m'ma 1560 kudzera ku Guatemala. Atakhala kwakanthawi m'nyumba ya masisitere ya Ciudad Real (yomwe pano ndi San Cristóbal de Las Casas), adagwira ntchito ndi anzawo ena m'chigawo cha Los Zendales, dera lomwe limadutsa nkhalango ya Lacandon, yomwe panthawiyo inali gawo la mayiko angapo osavomerezeka a Mayan. Chol ndi Tzeltal akuyankhula. Posakhalitsa anawonetsa zizindikiro zakuti anali mmishonale wapadera. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala mlaliki wabwino komanso "chilankhulo" chachilendo (adaphunzira zilankhulo zinayi za Mayan), adawonetsanso luso linalake lokonza zochepetsera. Yajalón, Ocosingo, Bachajón, Tila, Tumbala ndi Palenque ali ndi maziko ake kapena, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zomangamanga.
Osakhazikika monga mnzake Fray Guillermo, adapita kukafuna amwenye opanduka a El Petén Guatemala ndi El Lacandón Chiapaneco, kuti awatsimikizire kuti asinthe ufulu wawo kuti akhale mwamtendere mtawuni yamakoloni. Zinapambana ndi a Pochutlas, omwe anali oyamba kukhala m'chigwa cha Ocosingo, koma zidalephera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ma Lacandones komanso kutalika kwa midzi ya Itza. Pazifukwa zosadziwika anathawa ku Ciudad Real convent ndikusowa munkhalango yolowera Tabasco. Zotheka kuti lingaliro lake lidakhudzana ndi mgwirizano womwe mutu wachigawo wa ma Dominican udapanga ku Cobán, mu 1558, mokomera kulowererapo kwa asitikali a Lacandones omwe adapha ma friar angapo kanthawi kochepa m'mbuyomu. Kuyambira pomwepo, abale ake achipembedzo amamuona Fray Pedro ngati "wachilendo mchipembedzo chawo" ndipo dzina lake lidasiya kupezeka m'mabuku a lamuloli.
Pofunidwa ndi makhothi a Holy Inquisition ndi Audiencia aku Guatemala chimodzimodzi, koma otetezedwa ndi Amwenye aku Zendale ndi El Lacandón, Fray Pedro adapanga tawuni ya Palenque kukhala likulu lake laubusa. Anakwanitsa kutsimikizira a Diego de Landa, bishopu waku Yucatán, kuti ali ndi zolinga zabwino ndipo chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi anthu aku Franciscan, adatha kupitiliza ntchito yake yolalikira, yomwe ili m'zigawo za Tabasco ku Los Ríos ndi Los Zahuatanes, omwe ali m'manja mwa Yucatán. Kumeneko adakhalanso ndi mavuto akulu, panthawiyi ndi akuluakulu aboma, chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza azimayi achibadwidwe pantchito yokakamiza m'minda yaku Spain. Mkwiyo wake unafikira pamfundo yochotsa olakwawo ndi kufuna chilango chawo chachitsanzo kuchokera ku Khoti Lalikulu la Chilango, bungwe lomwelo lomwe linamuzunza zaka zingapo zapitazo.
Umu ndi momwe amasangalalira Amwenye achi Tzeltal, a Chole, ndi a Chontal kwa iye kuti atamwalira mu 1580 adayamba kumulemekeza ngati woyera. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, wansembe wa parishi ya m'tauni ya Yajalón adatenga miyambo yomwe idafalikira za Fray Pedro Lorenzo ndikupanga ndakatulo zisanu zomwe zimakondwerera zozizwitsa zomwe adamuchitira: atapanga kasupe kuchokera pathanthwe, akumenya ndi ndodo yake ; kukondwerera misa m'malo atatu osiyana nthawi imodzi; titasintha ndalama zachinyengo zomwe tapeza m'madontho a magazi m'manja mwa woweruza wankhanza; etc. Mu 1840, wofufuza malo waku America a John Lloyd Stephens atapita ku Palenque, adamva kuti amwenye amutauniyo adapitilizabe kulemekeza Atate Woyera ndipo amasungabe malaya awo ngati chopatulika. Adayesa kuziwona, koma chifukwa chakusadalira Amwenye, "sindinathe kuwaphunzitsa," adalemba chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake m'buku lake lotchuka la Incidence of Travel ku Central America, Chiapas ndi Yucatan.
Guillermo de Santa María ndi Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada ndi amishonale awiri aku Spain omwe adadzipereka ndi moyo wawo wonse kulalikira kwa Amwenye omwe anali osagonjera omwe amakhala kumalire ankhondo omwe pofika zaka za 1560-1580 adachepetsa malo olamulidwa ndi aku Spain. kumpoto ndi kumwera. Anayesetsanso kuwapatsa zomwe amishonale ena adapereka kwa nzika zam'mapiri aku Mexico komanso zomwe Vasco de Quiroga adazitcha "mphatso zamoto ndi mkate." Kukumbukira kwakubweretsa kwake ndikoyenera kupulumutsidwa kwa anthu aku Mexico azaka za zana la 20. Zikhale chomwecho.
