Ma codices ndiumboni wofunikira kwambiri wodziwa zikhalidwe zisanachitike ku Spain komanso za anthu munthawi ya atsamunda, popeza adatumizidwa, mwa zina, mbiri yakale, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, kupita patsogolo kwasayansi, machitidwe amakalendala komanso malingaliro azomwe zakhala zikuchitika.
Malinga ndi a J. Galarza, "kodices ndi zolembedwa pamanja za nzika zaku Mesoamerica zomwe zidasinthitsa zilankhulo zawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyambira yogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chokhazikitsidwa, chochokera pamisonkhano yawo yazaluso. Kunyoza kwa wopambana pachikhalidwe chomwe amamugonjera, kusowa kwa chikhalidwe cha ena angapo, zochitika zakale komanso nthawi yomwe sakhululuka chilichonse ndi zina mwazifukwa zowonongera maumboni osawerengeka.
Pakadali pano, ma codex ambiri amatetezedwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana akunja ndi akunja, ndipo ena, mosakayikira, amatetezedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana omwe ali mdera lonse la Mexico. Mwamwayi, gawo lalikulu la mabungwewa laperekedwa kuti zisungidwe zikalata. Izi ndizochitika ku Autonomous University of Puebla (UAP), yomwe, podziwa za umphawi wa Yanhuitlán Codex, idapempha National Coordination for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage (CNRPC-INAH) kuti igwirizane. Chifukwa chake, mu Epulo 1993, maphunziro ndi kufufuza kosiyanasiyana kunayambitsidwa mozungulira codex, yofunikira kuti ibwezeretsedwe.
Yanhuitlán ili ku Mixteca Alta, pakati pa Nochistlán ndi Tepozcolula. Dera lomwe tawuni iyi inali inali imodzi mwa madera otukuka kwambiri komanso osiririka ndi encomenderos. Ntchito zodziwika bwino m'derali zinali kutulutsa golide, kulera kwa mbozi ndi kulima kwa cochineal wamkulu. Malinga ndi zomwe zanenedwa, Yanhuitlán Codex ndi nthawi yanthawi yomwe dera lino lidakumana nawo m'zaka za zana la 16. Chifukwa chodziwika bwino m'mbiri, imatha kuonedwa ngati gawo la zolembedwa m'chigawo cha Mixtec, pomwe zochitika zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi moyo wamakolo ndi Aspanya kumayambiriro kwa Colony zidadziwika.
Mapepala osiyanasiyana amafotokoza bwino kwambiri zojambulazo komanso mzere mu "[…] kalembedwe kosakanikirana, Indian ndi Puerto Rico", akutsimikizira olemba mabuku omwe adafunsidwa. Ngati kufufuzira mozungulira kutanthauzira kwa mbiriyakale ndi zithunzi ndikofunikira kwambiri, kuzindikiritsa zinthu zomwe zilipo, kuphunzira njira zopangira ndikuwunika bwino kuwonongeka, ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe njira zoyenera zobwezeretsera. pazochitika zilizonse, polemekeza zoyambirira.
Timalandira Yanhuitlán Codex, timadzipeza tili patsogolo pa chikalata chomangidwa ndi chikwatu chachikopa, chomwe mbale zake, zonse khumi ndi ziwiri, zimakhala ndi zithunzi mbali zonse ziwiri. Kuti mudziwe momwe chikalatacho chidapangidwira, zigawo zosiyanasiyana za ntchitoyo ndi njira zawo zowunikira ziyenera kuganiziridwa padera. Monga zinthu zoyambirira za codex tili nayo, mbali imodzi, pepala ngati cholandirira, komano, inki ngati galimoto yolembera. Zinthu izi ndi momwe amaphatikizidwira zimayambitsa njira zopangira.
Zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba buku la Yanhuitlan zidapezeka kuti zidachokera ku masamba (thonje ndi nsalu), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapepala aku Europe. Tisaiwale kuti kumayambiriro kwa koloni, nthawi yomwe codex iyi idapangidwa, kunalibe mphero zopangira mapepala ku New Spain, chifukwa chake kupanga kwawo kunali kosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Europe. Kupanga mapepala ndi malonda ake kunkachitika ku New Spain pazokhwima komanso zoperewera zoperekedwa ndi Crown zaka zopitilira 300, kuti asungire okha oyang'anira mzindawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kwazaka mazana angapo New Spain idayenera kuitanitsa izi, makamaka kuchokera ku Spain.
Opanga mapepala ankakonda kupanga malonda awo ndi "watermark" kapena "watermark", osiyanasiyana kotero kuti amalola kuti pamlingo wina azindikire nthawi yopanga kwake, ndipo nthawi zina, malo omwe amachokera. Watermark yomwe timapeza m'mapale angapo a Yanhuitlan Codex ndi omwe amadziwika kuti "El Peregrino", yolembedwa ndi ofufuza cha m'ma 1600. Kufufuza kunavumbula kuti mitundu iwiri ya inki imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu codex iyi: kaboni ndi chitsulo chachitsulo. Mzere wazithunzizo udapangidwa potengera mizere ya zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Mizere yotetedwa idapangidwa ndi inki yomweyo koma "yochepetsedwa", kuti ipatse mphamvu. Zikuwoneka kuti mizereyo yaphedwa ndi nthenga za mbalame - monga zidachitidwira nthawiyo-, zomwe tili ndi chitsanzo mu imodzi mwazolemba za codex. Timaganiza kuti shading idachitika ndi burashi.
Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zikalata zimawapangitsa kukhala osalimba, chifukwa chake zimawonongeka mosavuta ngati sizili munjira yoyenera. Momwemonso, masoka achilengedwe monga kusefukira kwa madzi, moto ndi zivomerezi zitha kuzisintha kwambiri, ndipo nkhondo, kuba, zosokoneza, ndi zina zotero ndizowonongera.
Pankhani ya Yanhuitlan Codex, tilibe chidziwitso chokwanira chodziwitsa chilengedwe chake pakapita nthawi. Komabe, kuwonongeka kwake kungatithandizire kumvetsetsa mfundo iyi. Ubwino wazinthu zomwe zimapanga palel zimakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chikalatacho, ndipo kukhazikika kwa inki kumadalira zinthu zomwe amapangidwa. Kuzunzidwa, kunyalanyazidwa ndipo makamaka njira zingapo komanso zosasangalatsa, zidawonetsedwa kosatha mu codex. Chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu cha wobwezeretsa chiyenera kukhala chitetezo cha zoyambirira. Sifunso zokongoletsa kapena kusintha chinthucho, koma kungosunga momwe zilili - kuyimitsa kapena kuthana ndi kuwonongeka - ndikuliphatikiza m'njira yosazindikira.
Ziwalo zomwe zidasowa zidabwezeretsedwanso ndi zida zofananira ndi zoyambirira, mwanzeru koma moonekera. Palibe chinthu chowonongeka chomwe chingachotsedwe pazifukwa zokongoletsa, chifukwa kukhulupirika kwa chikalatacho kungasinthidwe. Zolemba kapena zojambulazo siziyenera kusinthidwa, ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusankha zida zopyapyala, zosinthika komanso zowonekera kwambiri kuti zithandizire ntchitoyi. Ngakhale njira zofunikira kuchitapo kanthu pang'ono ziyenera kutsatiridwa nthawi zambiri, zosintha zomwe codex idapereka (makamaka zopangidwa ndi njira zosayenera) zimayenera kuchotsedwa kuti athetse kuwonongeka komwe adakuwonongerayo.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi kufooka, kunali kofunikira kupereka chikalatacho ndi chithandizo chothandizira. Izi sizinangobwezeretsa kusintha kwake komanso kuzilimbitsa popanda kusintha kuvomerezeka kwa zolembedwazo. Vuto lomwe tidakumana nalo linali lovuta, lomwe limafuna kuti afufuze bwino kuti asankhe zida zoyenera ndikusankha njira zosungira malingana ndi codex.
Kafukufuku woyerekeza adapangidwanso pakati pazida zomwe kale zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa zolemba, komanso njira zina zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina. Pomaliza, kuwunika kunachitika kuti asankhe zida zoyenera malinga ndi zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Asanalumikizane ndi othandizira pamanambala a ntchito, njira zoyeretsera zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zingapo kuti zithetse zinthuzi ndi zinthu zomwe zasintha kukhazikika kwake.
Chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha chikalatacho chidakhala chopangira silika, chifukwa chazowonekera bwino, kusinthasintha kwabwinoko ndikukhalitsa m'malo osungika bwino. Mwa zomata zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidaphunziridwa, phala la wowuma ndi lomwe lidatipatsa zotsatira zabwino, chifukwa champhamvu yake yomatira, kuwonekera poyera komanso kusinthika. Kumapeto kwa kusungidwa ndi kubwezeretsedwanso kwa mbale iliyonse ya codex, izi zidamangidwanso kutsatira mtundu womwe adapereka atafika m'manja mwathu. Kutenga nawo gawo pakupezanso chikalata chamtengo wapatali, monga Yanhuitlán Codex, chinali chovuta kwa ife komanso udindo womwe unatipatsa chisangalalo podziwa kuti kukhazikika kwachikhalidwe china, gawo la olemera athu mbiri yakale.
