Palibe tsatanetsatane pakupanga chida chomwe ndichofunika kukwaniritsa mawu abwino; ndi gulu lazinthu ndi zinthu zomwe zimalowererapo potulutsa.
Pafupifupi ngati katswiri wazamakedzana, laudero wasintha nkhalango ndi manja ake, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe pachida chilichonse kuti amve nyimbo zodzaza ndi zinsinsi komanso matsenga.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, laudería wakhala malonda omanga ndi kubwezeretsa zida zoimbira, monga violin, viola, cello, mabass awiri, viola da gamba ndi vihuela de arco, pakati pa ena.
Lero, ntchitoyi, yokhala ndi miyambo yodabwitsa yamakolo, imachitika ngati njira yomwe imamvera maluso apamwamba kwambiri asayansi, momwe njira zakale komanso zamakono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
Mu mzinda wachikoloni wa Querétaro - wopangidwa mu 1996 Cultural Heritage of Humanity ndi UNESCO- ndiye likulu latsopano la National School of Laudería.
Kutsogolo kwa malo ophunzitsira awa, ingoyang'anani misewu yopapatiza yokhala ndi matabwa pomwe kumveka kwa magaleta oyenda ndi nsapato za akavalo kumamvekabe, kuti muzimva kuti akutumizidwa kale.
Nthawi ino tibwerera ku nthawi zomwe matsenga a akatswiri azamalonda kuphatikiza luso la amisiri amitengo kuti apange zida zoyimbira zokongola komanso zogwirizana.
Titangolowa mnyumbayo, chinthu choyamba chomwe tidazindikira ndikumveka kokoma kwa vayolini yomwe wophunzira adasewera. Pambuyo pake tinalandiridwa ndi a Fernando Corzantes, omwe adatiperekeza kuofesi ya aphunzitsi a Luthfi Becker, wamkulu pasukulupo.
Kwa Becker, laudero wochokera ku France, laudería ndi ntchito yamatsenga pomwe "mphatso" yayikulu ndi kuleza mtima. Amapangitsa ophunzira ake kudziwa kufunika kwa mgwirizano womwe umagwirizanitsa zojambulajambula ndi kafukufuku waukadaulo komanso kufunikira kwa mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi zakale, zamtsogolo komanso zamtsogolo, popeza laudero idzakhalapobe nyimbozo zikadatha.
Mu 1954, National Institute of Arts idakhazikitsa National School of Laudería ndi mphunzitsi Luigi Lanaro, yemwe adabwera ku Mexico ndicholinga chophunzitsa luso lopanga ndi kubwezeretsa zida; komabe, sukuluyo idasokonekera mu ma 1970 pomwe aphunzitsi adapuma pantchito.
Poyesayesa koyamba kumeneku, zinali zotheka kuphunzitsa anthu angapo luso lokonzanso ndi kukonzanso, koma palibe m'modzi mwa iwo amene adakwanitsa kuchita bwino pantchitoyi. Pachifukwa ichi, mu Okutobala 1987 Escuela Nacional de Ladería idakhazikitsidwanso ku Mexico City. Nthawiyi mphunzitsi Luthfi Becker adayitanidwa kuti adzakhale nawo pasukuluyi.
Cholinga chachikulu cha digiri yoyamba iyi, yokhala ndi zaka zisanu zamaphunziro, ndikuphunzitsa ma luthiers omwe ali ndiukadaulo wapamwamba wokhoza kulongosola, kukonza ndi kupezanso zida zoimbira ndi zingwe zopukutidwa ndi zida zaukadaulo, sayansi, mbiri yakale komanso zaluso. Mwanjira imeneyi, mchitidwewu komanso chidziwitso chomwe adapeza, ma luthiers amathandizira kusunga zida zakale zoyimbira - zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati chikhalidwe chamtundu- komanso zopangidwa posachedwa.
Malo oyamba omwe tidapitako paulendo wathu pasukuluyi ndi chipinda chomwe ali ndi chiwonetsero chaching'ono, koma choyimira, chokhala ndi zida zoimbira zomwe zakhala ntchito ya ophunzira. Mwachitsanzo, tidawona vayolini ya baroque, yomangidwa ndi maluso ndi njira za baroque wazaka za m'ma 1800 ku Europe; lira di braccio, chitsanzo cha zikopa za ku Europe za m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu; viola ya ku Venetian yomwe idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira kuyambira ku 17th century Venice; komanso ma violin angapo, viola d'amore ndi cello baroque.
Pokonza zida, sitepe yoyamba ndikusankha nkhuni, zomwe zimatha kukhala paini, spruce, mapulo ndi ebony (pazodzikongoletsera, zala zazala, ndi zina zambiri). Kusukulu amagwiritsa ntchito nkhalango zochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Pankhaniyi, akatswiri ena a zamoyo - ofufuza m'nkhalango- akhala akugwira ntchito yofufuza pakati pa mitundu 2,500 ya mitengo ya paini yaku Mexico yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga matabwa, popeza kuitanitsa mitengo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Popeza wophunzirayo amadziwa kuti ntchito yake ndi gawo lakhazikitsanso mwambo, nthawi zonse amaganizira kuti maluso omwe adzagwiritse ntchito ndikusankha ndi cholowa cha akatswiri pakupanga zida za zingwe monga adaliri. Amati, Guarneri, Gabrieli, Stradivarius, ndi zina zambiri.
Gawo lachiwiri la njirayi ndikusankha mtundu ndi kukula kwa chida, kutsatira mokhulupirika muyeso wa zidutswa zonse, ndi cholinga chopanga nkhungu ya korona, nthiti ndi zinthu zina, komanso kudula zidutswazo ndikujambula chilichonse. mbali zamayimbidwe kapena bokosi lamveka.
Pakadali pano, matabwa ochokera kumtunda ndi pansi amalavulidwa kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe oyenera, popeza makina osunthika amapangidwa m'bokosi lamayimbidwe lomwe, chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa komanso kupsinjika, limapangitsa chida kuyanjana.
Asanasonkhanitse zidutswazo, kuchuluka kwa matabwa kumafufuzidwa mothandizidwa ndi bokosi lowala.
Mu labotale ina imatsimikiziridwa kuti kutumizira mawu kumachitika mofananamo. Pachifukwachi, sukuluyi imathandizidwa ndi National Institute of Metrology, yoyang'anira kuyeserera kwa acoustic physics ndi zida zomwe ophunzira amapanga.
Bokosi laphokoso ndi zidutswa zina zonse zimamatira ndi zingwe (zomatira) zopangidwa ndi khungu la kalulu, misempha ndi mafupa.
Popanga chogwirira, laudero akuwonetsa luso komanso luso lomwe ali nalo. Zingwe zomwe kale zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali m'matumbo; Pakadali pano akugwiritsidwabe ntchito koma amagwiritsanso ntchito zitsulo zazitsulo (zotchinga zazitsulo).
Pamapeto pake nkhuni zatha. Poterepa, chidacho chimaphimbidwa ndi ma varnishi opangidwa "mwanjira zopangira", popeza kulibe pamsika; Izi zimalola mayendedwe amunthu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito varnish ndi buku lokhala ndi burashi yabwino kwambiri ya tsitsi. Amasiyidwa kuti aume mchipinda chowunikira cha ultraviolet kwa maola 24. Ntchito ya varnish poyambirira ndiyotetezera, kuphatikiza pazokongoletsa, kuwunikira kukongola kwa nkhuni komanso kwa varnish yomwe.
Palibe tsatanetsatane pakupanga chida chomwe ndichofunika kwambiri pakumveka bwino; Ndi gulu lazinthu ndi zinthu zomwe zimalowererapo potulutsa mawu osangalatsa: kutalika, kulimba, kamvekedwe kake ndi zingwe, uta, ndi zina zambiri. Osayiwala, zachidziwikire, magwiridwe antchito a woimbayo, popeza kutanthauzira ndiko kusindikiza komaliza.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti a laudero samangoyang'anira zomangamanga, kukonza ndi kubwezeretsa zida, komanso amatha kudzipereka pakufufuza ndi kuphunzitsa m'malo asayansi ndi zaluso monga mbiri yakale, fizikiki, zokometsera, biology ya matabwa, kujambula ndi kapangidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizotheka kuti imagwira ntchito yosangalatsa yosungitsa zinthu zakale, komanso kuwunika ndi malingaliro akatswiri pazida zoimbira.
Chitsime: Mexico Yosadziwika No. 245 / Julayi 1997
