Pamphepete mwa gombe lakumadzulo kwa Mexico, kuyambira kumwera kwa Sonora mpaka kumalire a Chiapas ndi Guatemala, ndikotheka kuzindikira malo omwewo, kutengera nthawi ya chaka yomwe akuwonedwera, idzawoneka yosangalala kwambiri kapena yopanda bwinja.
Ndizokhudza nkhalango yotsika mtengo, imodzi mwazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zosiyana kwambiri zomwe zikupezeka mdziko lathu. Amatchulidwa motere chifukwa kutalika kwake kumakhala "kotsika" (pafupifupi 15 m.) Poyerekeza ndi nkhalango zina, komanso chifukwa cha miyezi isanu ndi iwiri yomwe nyengo yachilimwe imatha, mitengo yake yambiri ndi zitsamba, ngati kusintha kwa nyengo yotentha kwambiri (kutentha kwambiri komanso kusakhala ndi chinyezi mumlengalenga), amataya masamba kwathunthu (masamba owola = masamba omwe amatha), kusiya "ndodo zowuma" zokha ngati malo. Kumbali inayi, mkati mwa miyezi yamvula nkhalango imasinthiratu, chifukwa chomeracho chimachita nthawi yomweyo madontho oyamba, ndikudziphimba ndi masamba atsopano omwe amabweretsa chobiriwira kumtunda pomwe kuli chinyezi.
Malo osintha nthawi zonse
Mu 1988 UNAM ndi Ecological Foundation ya Cuixmala, AC, adayamba maphunziro ku gombe lakumwera kwa boma la Jalisco zomwe zidawalola kuti apange lingaliro lokhazikitsa malo osungira nkhalango zoteteza nkhalango zotsika. Chifukwa chake, pa Disembala 30, 1993, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve kudalamulidwa, kuteteza dera la mahekitala 13,142 omwe, kwakukulukulu, ali ndi nkhalango zamtunduwu. Ili mkati kapena pang'ono pakati pa Manzanillo, Colima, ndi Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, malowa ndi malo ambiri okutidwa ndi masamba ochokera pagombe mpaka pamwamba pa mapiri angapo apamwamba kwambiri mderali; Mtsinje wa Chamela ndi mtsinje wa Cuitzmala ndi malire ake akumpoto ndi kumwera, motsatana.
Nyengo yake imakhala yotentha, ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 25 ° C ndi mvula pakati pa 750 ndi 1,000 mm yamvula. Kuzungulira kwapachaka m'nkhalangoyi ndi zigawo zina zadzikoli komwe nkhalango yotsika imagawidwa, imadutsa pakati pa kuchuluka kwa nyengo yamvula ndi kusowa kovuta munthawi ya chilala; Kuphatikiza apo, yalola kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa zomera ndi nyama zomwe, kuti zikhale ndi moyo pano, zasintha mawonekedwe awo, machitidwe awo komanso thupi lawo.
Kumayambiriro kwa Novembala, nyengo yadzuwa imayamba. Pakadali pano mbewuzo zili ndi masamba; Madzi amayenda pafupifupi mitsinje yonse, ndipo maiwe ndi mayiwe omwe amapanga mvula imadzaza.
Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, kokha mumtsinje wa Cuitzmala - mtsinje wokhazikika wokhazikika m'derali - ndi kotheka kupeza madzi kwamakilomita ambiri mozungulira; ngakhale zili choncho, kayendedwe kake kachepa kwambiri panthawiyi, nthawi zina kumakhala mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono amadziwe. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, masamba a zomera zambiri amayamba kuuma ndikugwa, ndikuphimba nthaka ndi mphasa yomwe, modabwitsa, imalola kuti mizu yawo isunge chinyezi kwakanthawi.
Pakadali pano mbali yakutchire ndiyachisoni komanso yopanda tanthauzo, ndikuwonetsa kusapezeka kwa moyo m'derali; Komabe, zodabwitsa mwina zingawoneke, moyo umasefukira m'malo ano, chifukwa m'mawa kwambiri komanso nthawi yamadzulo nyama zimawonjezera ntchito yawo. Momwemonso, mbewu, zomwe pakuwonekera koyamba kuti zafa, zikupanga kagayidwe kake ka njira "yosawonekera", kudzera munjira zomwe akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zikwi zosinthira kuzinthu zovuta za malowa.
Pakati pa Juni ndi Novembala, munyengo yamvula, mawonekedwe a nkhalango amasandulika chisangalalo chonse, popeza kupezeka kwamadzi nthawi zonse kumalola kuti mbewu zonse ziziphimbidwa ndi masamba atsopano. Pakadali pano nyama zamitundumitundu zimawonjezera ntchito zake masana.
Koma m'nkhalangoyi, mulibe nkhalango zochepa zokha, komanso mitundu ina isanu ndi iwiri yazomera yazindikirika: nkhalango yobiriwira yobiriwira, mangrove, nkhwangwa za xerophilous, mtengo wa mgwalangwa, bedi la bango, manzanillera ndi udzu wamaluwa; Malo awa ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuti nyama zambiri zikhale ndi moyo munthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka.
Pogona pa zomera ndi nyama
Chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa chilengedwechi, komanso modabwitsa momwe zingawonekere kudera lokhala ndi zoopsa zotere, mitundu yazinyama ndi nyama zomwe zimapezeka ku Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve ndizodabwitsa. Apa mitundu 72 ya nyama zoyamwitsa zalembetsedwa, 27 mwa mitundu yonse ya Mexico (komweku); Mitundu 270 ya mbalame (36 zokha); Zokwawa 66 (32 endemic) ndi 19 amphibians (10 endemic), kuphatikiza ziweto zambiri, makamaka tizilombo. Kukhalapo kwa mitundu pafupifupi 1,200 yazomera kwalingaliridwanso, momwe kuchuluka kwake kumangokhala.
Zambiri mwa zomerazi ndi nyama zimapezeka m'derali, monga zimakhalira ndi mitengo yotchedwa "primroses" (Tabebuia donell-smithi), yomwe nthawi yachilala ikafika - imaphukira-kuwalitsa malo owumawa ndi mabala achikasu, mawonekedwe ya maluwa ake. Mitengo ina ndi iguanero (Caesalpinia eriostachys), cuastecomate (Crescentia alata) ndi papelillo (Jatropha sp.). Choyamba chimazindikirika mosavuta chifukwa thunthu lake limakula, ndikupanga ming'alu yayikulu pakhungwa lake, lomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati iguana ndi nyama zina. Cuastecomate imatulutsa pamtengo wake zipatso zazikulu zobiriwira zobiriwira zomwe zimakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba kwambiri.
Ponena za nyama, Chamela-Cuixmala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri, popeza lakhala "pothawirapo" mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe yomwe yasowa kuchokera kumadera ena kapena yomwe ikusowa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ona yamtsinje (Crocodilus acutus), yomwe ndi cholengedwa chokwawa chachikulu kwambiri ku Mexico (imatha kutalika mpaka 5 mita) ndipo, chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kwakukulu yomwe yakhala ikuchitidwa (kugwiritsa ntchito khungu lake mosaloledwa Ubweya) ndikuwononga malo ake okhala, wasowa m'mitsinje ndi madoko ambiri a kugombe lakumadzulo kwa dzikolo, komwe kale kunali kochuluka kwambiri.
Zokwawa zina zodziwika bwino za malowa ndi "chinkhanira" kapena buluzi wamikanda (Heloderma horridum), imodzi mwamitundu iwiri ya buluzi yapadziko lonse lapansi; liana (Oxybelis aeneus), njoka yopyapyala kwambiri yomwe imasokonezeka mosavuta ndi nthambi zowuma; iguana wobiriwira (Iguana iguana) ndi wakuda (Ctenosaura pectinata), boa (Boa constrictor), tapayaxin wam'malo otentha kapena chameleon wabodza (Phrynosoma asio) ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya abuluzi, njoka ndi akamba; Mwa omalizirayi, pali mitundu itatu yapadziko lapansi komanso akamba asanu am'nyanja omwe amabala m'mbali mwa gombe.
Pamodzi ndi zokwawa, mitundu ingapo ya achule ndi achule amapanga herpetofauna wa Chamela-Cuixmala, ngakhale nthawi yachilimwe mitundu yambiri imakhala yobisika pakati pa zomera kapena kuyikidwa m'manda, kuyesera kuthawa kutentha kwamasana ndi kusowa kwa chinyezi. Ena mwa amphibiyani amakhala m'nkhalango nyengo yamvula, akamatuluka m'malo awo kuti akalandire mwayi wopezeka ndi madzi kuti aberekane ndikuikira mazira awo m'madziwe ndi mitsinje, komwe makolasi awo achikondi "ochulukirapo" amamveka usiku. Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi achule a "bakha wolipitsa bakha" (Triprion spatulatus), mtundu wokhawo womwe umathawira pakati pa masamba obiriwira a bromeliads ("epiphytic" zomera zomwe zimamera pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi za mitengo ina); Chule ameneyu ali ndi mutu wophwatalala ndi mlomo wautali, womwe umapatsa - monga dzina lake likusonyezera - mawonekedwe a "bakha". Tikhozanso kupeza toad ya m'madzi (Bufo marinus), yayikulu kwambiri ku Mexico; chule lathyathyathya (Pternohyla fodiens), mitundu ingapo ya achule amitengo ndi achule wobiriwira (Pachymedusa dacnicolor), mitundu yopezeka mdziko lathu komanso yomwe imagulitsidwa mobwerezabwereza pamlingo waukulu, chifukwa cha kukopa kwake ngati "chiweto".
Mbalame ndi gulu lambiri lazinyama m'nkhalangoyi, chifukwa zamoyo zambiri zimakhalamo kwakanthawi kapena kwamuyaya. Zina mwa zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mbalame zoyera (Eudocimus albus), supuni ya roseate (Ajaia ajaja), dokowe waku America (Mycteria americana), chachalacas (Ortalis poliocephala), woponda nkhuni wofiyira (Driocopus lineatus), coa o yellow trogon (Trogon citreolus) ndi cowboy guaco (Herpetotheres cachinnans), kungotchulapo ochepa. Ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri mbalame zosamuka, zomwe zimafika nthawi iliyonse yozizira kuchokera kumadera akutali a Mexico ndi kumadzulo kwa United States ndi Canada. Munthawi imeneyi, ndizotheka kuwona mbalame zambiri m'nkhalango ndi mitundu ingapo yamadzi m'madziwe ndi mumtsinje wa Cuitzmala, pakati pake pali abakha angapo komanso nkhanu yoyera (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos).
Mofananamo ndi ng'ona, mitundu ina ya mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe ndi tizilomboti tapeza chitetezo m'nkhalangoyi, yomwe kumadera ena a dzikolo agwidwa mosavomerezeka mochuluka kuti apereke zofuna za "ziweto" zakunja. Zina mwazomwe zimapezeka ku Chamela-Cuixmala ndi paray guero (Amazona finschi), kufalikira ku Mexico, ndi parrot wamutu wachikasu (Amazona oratrix), yemwe ali pachiwopsezo chotha mdziko lathu. Paroleet ya atolero (Aratinga canicularis) kupita ku parakeet wobiriwira (Aratinga holochlora) ndi yaying'ono kwambiri ku Mexico: "catarinita" parakeet (Forpus cyanopygius), yomwe imapezekanso komanso ili pachiwopsezo chotha.
Pomaliza, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama monga ma coati kapena badgers (Nasua nasua), omwe amatha kuwoneka m'magulu akulu nthawi iliyonse, komanso peccary yotchedwa collared (Tayassu tajacu), mtundu wa nkhumba zakutchire zomwe zimayendayenda m'nkhalango zoweta, makamaka maola otentha pang'ono. Mbawala zoyera (Odocoileus virginianus), zomwe zimazunzidwa kwambiri mdera lina mdzikolo, zimapezeka ku Chamela-Cuixmala ndipo zimatha kuwonedwa nthawi iliyonse masana.
Zinyama zina, chifukwa cha zizolowezi zawo kapena kusowa kwawo, ndizovuta kuziwona; monga momwe zimakhalira ndi usiku "tlacuachín" (Marmosa canescens), wocheperako pakati pa ma marsupial and Mexico omwe amapezeka mdziko lathu; pygmy skunk (Spilogale pygmaea), yomwe imapezekanso ku Mexico, ghost bat (Diclidurus albus), wosowa kwambiri mdziko lathu komanso jaguar (Panthera onca), feline wamkulu ku America, yemwe ali pachiwopsezo chotha chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala komanso chifukwa chake zakhala zikugwedezeka.
Anthu okhala m'nkhalangoyi ndi amodzi mwa ochepa omwe amapezeka pagombe la Pacific (pakadali pano anthu okhaokha ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala okhaokha omwe amakhala m'malo ake oyambira) ndipo mwina ndi okhawo omwe amatetezedwa kwathunthu.
Mbiri yachifundo ndi chipiriro
Kuyamikiridwa mwachangu kwa anthu ambiri m'nkhalango zowonongekazo kwakhala kosauka kwambiri ndipo pachifukwa ichi amadziwika kuti ndi "phiri" lomwe limatha kuthetsedwa, kukopa zokolola zachikhalidwe kapena malo odyetserako ziweto m'mayikowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizikhala zopanda pake komanso zosakhalitsa, chifukwa mosiyana ndi zomera zakomweko, amapangidwa ndi zomera zomwe sizimasinthidwa kuti zikhale mofanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika pano. Pazifukwa izi ndi zina, chilengedwechi chikuwonongedwa mwachangu.
Pozindikira izi komanso kuti kusamalira zachilengedwe zaku Mexico ndikofunikira kuti tipeze kupulumuka, Fundación Ecológica de Cuixmala, AC, kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo ntchito yosamalira dera la Chamela-Cuixmala.
Zachidziwikire, ntchitoyi sinakhale yophweka chifukwa, monga madera ena ambiri ku Mexico komwe amayesayesa kukhazikitsa malo osungira zachilengedwe, adayamba kusamvetsetsana kwa nzika zakomweko komanso chuma champhamvu chomwe chidachitika mderali " m'malo owonera "kwanthawi yayitali, makamaka" chitukuko "kudzera muntchito zazikulu zokopa alendo.
Malo osungira a Chamela-Cuixmala asintha kukhala achikhalidwe komanso olimbikira kutsatira. Ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa eni malo omwe amapezeka komanso ndi zopereka zomwe Cuixmala Ecological Foundation yatenga, zakhala zikuyang'anitsitsa m'derali. Khomo lolowera misewu yomwe imalowa m'nkhalangoyi ili ndi malo olondera omwe amagwira ntchito maola 24 patsiku; Kuphatikiza apo, alonda amayendera maulendo angapo atakwera pamahatchi kapena pagalimoto tsiku lililonse, motero kukhumudwitsa olowa nyama omwe kale ankasaka kapena kugwira nyama mderali.
Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika m'nkhokwe ya Chamela-Cuixmala watsimikizira kufunikira kwachilengedwe m'derali komanso kufunika kowonjezera chisamaliro chake, chifukwa chake pali malingaliro amtsogolo owonjezera malire ake ndikuyesera kuti agwirizanitse, kudzera m'mayendedwe achilengedwe, kupita kumalo ena. pafupi: Manantlán. Tsoka ilo, m'dziko lino la chuma chambiri, pali kusamvetsetsa kwakukulu kwakufunika kosunga zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti chuma chambiri chiwonongeke mwachangu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake milandu monga Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve singathe kuwomberedwa ndi kuthandizidwa, ndikuyembekeza kuti ikhale chitsanzo cholimbikitsa kulimbana kwa anthu ndi mabungwe omwe akufuna kukwaniritsa madera oyimira cholowa chachikulu. wachilengedwe waku Mexico.
Gwero Mexico Yodziwika 241
