Podziwa momwe dziko lawo lilili, Mayan adapanga makina oyenda bwino omwe amaphatikizapo mabwato okhala ndi mauta okweza ndi kumbuyo, komanso chikwangwani cha zachilengedwe ndi zina zopangidwa ndi iwo zomwe zimawalola kuyenda mtunda wautali mosamala komanso moyenera.
Navigation ndi luso laukadaulo lomwe limatanthawuza kudziwa kwamadzi am'madzi, mphepo, nyenyezi komanso momwe zinthu ziliri mderali. Pambuyo poyenda mumtsinje wa Usumacinta ndikupita kunyanja pamtunda uno, timadzionera tokha zabwino ndi zovuta za maluso apamwamba awa omwe amaya amachita kuyambira nthawi zoyambirira. Oyendetsa amalonda aku Mayan akale adakhazikitsa njira zomwe zimapereka njira yolumikizirana ndi kusinthana, yomwe imaphatikizapo njira zapamtunda, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Gawo lamtsinje lomwe tidayenda ndichitsanzo choyesera chomwe chidatilola kuzindikira zovuta zake ndi zopereka zake.
Nthawi za Mayan
Sahagún ndi Bernal Díaz del Castillo amatchula m'mabuku awo kuti mabwato amatha kugulidwa kapena kubwereka, kotero malingaliro athu akhoza kutsimikiziridwa. Bwato linali lofunika mtengo wa quachtli (bulangeti) kapena nyemba zana za cocoa, ndipo ponena za lendi, akuti Jerónimo de Aguilar adalipira ndalama zobiriwira kwa omwe adapita naye kukakumana nawo Hernan Cortes mu Chilumba cha Cozumel.
Ponena za malo ofukula mabwinja, Pomoná ndi Reforma amapezeka mdera la Usumacinta; Sizikudziwika ngati adalamulira gawo lililonse la mtsinjewu, koma tikudziwa, chifukwa chazomwe zidalembedwa, kuti adabatizidwa pomenyana ndi mabungwe andale omwe adapikisana kuti alamulire madera onse ndi zinthu zomwe, pomaliza pake, zidathandizira ku kukhazikika kwake ndi chitukuko.
Panjira yomwe imachokera ku Boca del Cerro mpaka kukafika komwe mafoloko amtsinje amakhala Mtsinje wa Palizada, pali malo ang'onoang'ono ofukula mabwinja omwe anali gawo lamadera olumikizidwa ndi likulu lachigawo lomwe linafika pachimake pakati pa 600-800 AD.
Njira yopita ku Gulf
Mu fayilo ya Ubale wazinthu za Yucatan, wolemba bishopu waku Spain Diego de Landa (1524-1579), akuti kuchokera ku tawuni ya Xonutla (Jonuta) chinali chizolowezi kuyenda bwato kupita kudera la Yucatán, kuyenda pamitsinje ya San Pedro ndi San Pablo ndikuchokera kumeneko kupita ku Laguna de Malamulo, akudutsa m'madoko osiyanasiyana munyanja yomweyo kupita ku tawuni ya Tixchel, kuchokera komwe mabwato adabwezeretsedwa ku Xonutla. Izi sizikutsimikizira kokha kukhalapo kwa njira yamtsinje-yam'masiku am'mbuyomu ku Spain, komanso kuti idachitika mbali ziwiri, kumtunda komanso motsutsana ndi zomwe zikuchitika pano.
Kudzera mu Usumacinta Gulf of Mexico imatha kufikiridwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kudzera mumtsinje wa Grijalva, kudzera mumitsinje ya San Pedro ndi San Pablo, kapena kudzera mumtsinje wa Palizada womwe umalowera ku Laguna de Terminos. Amalonda omwe adatsata njira yochokera ku Petén kupita ku Gulf of Mexico pamtsinje wa Candelaria adathanso kufika kumeneko.
"Afoinike aku America"
Ngakhale idayendetsedwa pamadzi kuyambira 1,000 BC, kudzera mumitsinje ndi madambo aku Lowlands ku Tabasco ndi Campeche, sikunadutse 900 AD, pomwe malonda apanyanja adapeza kufunika kwakukulu, pozungulira Peninsula ya Yucatan , yomwe inkalamulidwa ndi magulu ogwirizana a Chontal, otchedwa Putunes kapena Itzáes.
Dera la Chontal lidachokera ku Mtsinje wa Cupilco, pafupi ndi Comalcalco, kulowera kunyanja ku deltas ya mitsinje ya Grijalva, San Pedro ndi San Pablo, mtsinje wa Candelaria, Laguna de Terminos, mwina mpaka ku Potonchán, tawuni yomwe ili gombe la Campeche. Kulowera mkati, kudutsa ku Usumacinta, kudafika ku Tenosique ndi m'munsi mwa phiri. Malinga ndi wofukula mabwinja waku America a Edward Thompson (1857-1935), Itza idadzalamulira mabeseni a mitsinje ya Chixoy ndi Cancuén, kuphatikiza pakukhala ndi malo ogulitsira padoko la Naco kufupi ndi mtsinje wa Chalmalecón, ku Honduras ndi doko la Nito , mu Golfo Dulce.
Makhalidwe amchigawochi omwe amakhala ndi a Chontales, adakondera kuti adakhala oyendetsa ngalawa odziwa bwino ntchito zawo ndikuti adagwiritsa ntchito njira zamtsinje zomwe zimaloleza kulumikizana ndi madera ena kupitirira malire awo; pambuyo pake adalanda madera ndikupanga zigawo ndikukhometsa misonkho, motero amatha kuwongolera njira zamalonda zazitali. Anakhazikitsa ma doko ambiri omwe amakhala pamalo abwino munjirayo komanso adapanga njira yoyendetsera kayendedwe kazinyanja, izi zikutanthauza kupita patsogolo kambiri monga: kupanga zombo zoyenerera; zikwangwani panjira kuti njira ifike pomwepo (kuyambira pamtengo wotchulidwa ndi Fray Diego de Landa, kupita kumalo omanga miyala); kulengedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe, ngakhale pazenera (monga yomwe adapatsidwa Hernán Cortés); komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nambala yazizindikiro yotulutsidwa ndikuyenda kwa mbendera kapena moto ngati mbendera.
Ponseponse pakukula kwachikhalidwe ichi, njira zamalonda zam'madzi zidasinthidwa, monganso zofuna ndi ochita masewera omwe amawayendetsa; kukhala awo akutali kwambiri, omwe amachitika nthawi ya Classic ndi ambiri Grijalva-Usumacinta dongosolo loyenda ndi a Postclassic, omwe ali m'malire a chilumba, omwe adayamba kuchokera m'malo omwe ali pagombe la Gulf ndikufika ku Honduras.
Kudera lomwe tidapitako, tidapeza madoko angapo:
• Potonchán m'chigwa cha Grijalva, chomwe chimalola kulumikizana ndi madoko omwe ali kumpoto ndi kumwera.
• Ngakhale kulibe umboni wodalirika wokhalapo chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri, akukhulupirira kuti Xicalango, pachilumba cha dzina lomweli, amalonda adafika kuchokera pakati pa Mexico, Yucatan ndi Honduras kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
• Panalinso madoko ofunikira a Chontal: Tixchel m'mphepete mwa Sabancuy, ndi Itzamkanac mu mtsinje wa Candelaria, womwe umafanana ndi malo ofukulidwa zakale a El Tigre. Amalonda adachoka onsewa kupita kumadera osiyanasiyana a Mesoamerica.
• Kwa gombe la Campeche, magwero amatchula Champotón ngati tawuni yomwe ili ndi nyumba zokwana 8,000 ndipo tsiku lililonse mabwato pafupifupi 2,000 amapita kukawedza nsomba zomwe zimabwerera madzulo, ndichifukwa chake ziyenera kuti zidakhala mzinda wapadoko, ngakhale kuti nsonga yake idachitika patsikulo. mochedwa kuposa madoko omwe atchulidwa.
Sungani kuchokera pamwamba
Omwe ali okwera kwa nthaka yopangidwa ndi anthu, yopanda zomangamanga, yomwe imafika pamwamba kwambiri ndipo ili m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, m'malo abwino. Mwa ena ofunikira kwambiri ndi omwe ali m'matawuni a Zapata ndi Jonuta, popeza kuchokera kumeneko gawo lalikulu lamtsinje limalamulidwa.
Zoumbaumba, malonda amtengo wapatali
Dera la Jonuta linali, mu theka lachiwiri la nyengo za Classic komanso zoyambirira za Post-Classic (600-1200 AD), wopanga ma ceramics abwino kwambiri, omwe amagulitsidwa kwambiri, onse ku Usumacinta komanso ku Campeche Coast. Zoumba zawo zapezeka m'malo ngati Uaymil ndi chilumba cha Jaina ku Campeche, malo ofunikira pamsewu wamalonda wautali womwe ma Mayan adapanga ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti tidzayendera paulendo wathu wotsatira.
