Chiyambireni kuwonekera kwa munthu, zochitika zosiyanasiyana zalemba gawo lililonse pansi pa lamba wake, ndipo zonsezi zakhala zikupatsa dzina kapena kusiyanasiyana ndi nthawi zina zakale. Izi ndi zomwe makina osindikizira adatulukira komanso kupezeka kwa America komwe kumayimira zochitika zochititsa chidwi m'mbiri yazikhalidwe komanso zauzimu zakumadzulo.
Ndizowona kuti sizinali ntchito za munthu m'modzi kapena kuti zidapangidwa tsiku limodzi, koma mgwirizano wazinthu zonsezi zidapereka fanizo latsopano lomwe lidakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha ku Mexico. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Tenochtitlan kutachitika, amishonalewo sanapume mpaka atakhazikitsa chikhalidwe chakumadzulo ku New Spain.
Anayamba ntchito yawo yolalikira: ena adayesa kuphunzitsa kudzera munemonic, ena kudzera mchilankhulo, momwe amaphatikizira mawu achilatini ndi chithunzi cha hieroglyphic cha mawu apafupi kwambiri achi Nahuatl. Mwachitsanzo: pater ya pantli, noster ya nuchtli ndi zina zotero. Mwanjira imeneyi chinenero chatsopano ndi lingaliro latsopano zidayambitsidwa kudziko lachilengedwe.
Koma ntchito yopitilira yolalikira osakhulupirira, kuphunzitsa ndi kupereka masakramenti, komanso kukhazikitsa gulu latsopanoli, zidapangitsa kuti ma friare asoweka nzika zakuwathandiza; osankhika akomweko adasankhidwa kuti akhale mkhalapakati wa wogonjetsayo ndi Amwenye, ndipo adayamba kulangizidwa za cholinga chimenecho. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale masukulu pomwe anthu olemekezeka adayamba kuphunzitsidwa zachikhalidwe cha ku Europe, zomwe zidakakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito, kufunsa mabuku ndikupanga malaibulale omwe mosakayikira anali ndi incunabula, ndiye kuti adafotokoza mabuku osindikizidwa okhala ndi zilembo zoyenda zofanana kwambiri ndi zolembedwa pamiyala yakale (incunabulum imachokera ku liwu Lachilatini incunnabula, lomwe limatanthauza kubadwa).
Sukulu yoyamba yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku New Spain inali ya San José de los Naturales mchaka cha 1527. Apa, sankhani magulu azikhalidwe zodziwika bwino adaphunzitsidwa zachikhristu, nyimbo, kulemba, ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi Chilatini, koma osati zachikale koma zamatchalitchi, kuti zithandizire pazachipembedzo. ndipo chomalizirachi chidatheka kupeza mu malaibulale awo incunabula yokhudzana ndi maphunziro monga maulaliki, mabuku a chiphunzitsochi, pokonzekera misa ndi mabuku a nyimbo.
Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zomwe zidapezeka zidapereka mwayi ku Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, yomwe idatsegula zitseko zake mu 1536 ndipo maphunziro ake amaphatikizanso Chilatini, zongonena, nzeru, zamankhwala ndi zamulungu. Kukhazikitsidwa kumeneku ma incunabula adagwiritsidwanso ntchito, chifukwa kudzera mukuwunikanso ndikuwunikanso mosamalitsa komwe Amwenye achi Latinist adawapanga, monga momwe amatchulidwira nthawi zambiri, adathandizira ma friars polemba galamala, madikishonale ndi maulaliki mzilankhulo zakomweko, kutsatira izi kapangidwe komweko ka incunabula. Kufanana kotereku kumatha kuwonedwa m'malamulo kapena mu Libellus de medicinalius indiarum herbis, yolembedwa ku Nahuatl ndi Martín de la Cruz ndikumasuliridwa m'Chilatini ndi Badiano, yomwe imatsata dongosolo lofananalo lofanana ndi la Messue's Opera medicinalia (1479), pomwe zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti incunabula inali mlatho womwe amayenda ndi New Hispanics kuti athe kufikira mwachindunji chikhalidwe cha dziko lakale.
Kupita patsogolo kwa nzika zam'maphunziro osiyanasiyana zomwe zidaphunzitsidwa zidapitilizabe kudabwitsa. Izi zidathandizira kutsegulidwa kwa Real y Pontilicia University of Mexico (1533) ngati chofunikira; ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimaimira kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu aku Europe komanso kukhazikika kwachikhalidwe chawo, popeza luso la Art, Law, Medicine and Theology limagwira mnyumba yatsopano yamaphunziro. Makina osindikizira anali atafika kale ku New Spain (1539) ndipo kufalitsidwa kwa bukuli kunayamba kuchuluka, koma incunabula anali akufunsidwabe m'malo osiyanasiyana, popeza miyambo yamaphunziro ndi zatsopano za Renaissance zomwe zidawapeza zidawapangitsa kukhala magwero ofunikira funso. Kuti mumvetse izi, ndikwanira kuwona zomwe zidaphunziridwa muluso lililonse; Mwachitsanzo, muzojambula zaluso komwe, mwa zina, galamala ndi zonena zimaphunzitsidwa - zomwe zimaphunzitsidwa kuti apange zida zofunikira pakulalikira - zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Mapemphero a Cicero, Institutions of Quintilian , oyankhula achikhristu komanso mfundo za Donato. Zolemba izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pazilankhulo zachi Latin komanso zachi Greek, komanso zaumulungu ndi Lemba Lopatulika; Chifukwa chake, muma incunabula amalemba a Urbano's Institutions of Greek grammar (1497), zolemba za Valla zolembedwa (1497), galamala yachi Greek (1497), ndemanga za Tortelius pamalemba achi Greek ndi 1494) zimapezeka m'mabuku a incunabula. , Zilembo za Peroto (1480) komanso pamatchulidwe amawu a Meyi omwe adasinthidwa mu 1485.
Ponena zongonena, kuwonjezera pa ntchito za Cicero (1495) ndi Quintilian (1498), palinso, pakati pa oyankhula achikristu, a Saint Augustine (1495), a Saint John Chrysostom (1495) ndi a Saint Jerome (1483 ndi 1496), komanso mabuku ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena owerengera, omwe mwa iwo ndi awa: Kulengeza mwina kwa wafilosofi kapena dokotala waku Beroaldo (149 /), Mapemphero, makalata ndi ndakatulo pakulankhula kwaulemu kwa Pedro de Cara (1495), zolemba za Macinelo zokhala ndi ndakatulo zamaluwa, ziwerengero ndi ndakatulo, Ndemanga pazofotokozera za Cicero ndi Quintilian komanso pa galamala ya Donato (1498). Palinso mawu ndi madikishonale monga La peregrina wolemba Bonifacio García (1498). Ma etymologies a San Isidoro de Sevilla (1483) ndi The Greek lexicon of Suidas kuyambira chaka cha 1499.
NOVOHISPANAS AMAGWIRITSA NTCHITO POKHUDZA ZOSAVUTA
Koma incunabula sikuti idangokhala ngati kufunsira komanso idaloleza kupanga ntchito za New Spanish monga mipikisano yolemba yomwe idadzaza ndimitundu yachilatini komanso yachikhristu; malankhulidwe ofotokozedwa pamwambo wamadyerero ndi zochitika zapadera zomwe zidakondwerera mchaka cha sukulu o Phunziro pazofotokozera zachikhristu za Diego de Valadés omwe cholinga chawo sichinali chongopeka koma chothandiza: kuphunzitsa oyankhula, "koma akhristu kuti akhale mawu a Mulungu, zida za zabwino ndi zonyamula za Khristu ”, zomwe ntchito za Augustine Woyera ndi Woyera John Chrysostom, mwa ena, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya Valadés inali gawo lazokambirana zachikhristu ku New Spain, zomwe zidasintha mu 1572 atafika aJesuit. Izi, ndi njira yawo yatsopano, Ratio studiorum, kuphatikiza kwawo pamtima ndi zolimbitsa thupi, zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa kudzera pakuphunzira ndikutsanzira olemba, akatswiri ophunzira pamaphunziro. Maphunzirowa adafotokoza zolemba ndi ndakatulo, zomwe zidafotokozedwanso mwatsatanetsatane, zothandizidwa ndi olemba akale monga Virgilio, Cátulo (1493), Seneca (1471, 1492, 1494), Sidonio de Apolinar (1498), Juvenal (1474) ndi Marcial (1495), yemwe kwanthawi yayitali adakopa zolemba ndi ndakatulo za New Spain. Umu ndi momwe zimawonekera mu Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, m'mawu ake otchuka: Amuna opusa omwe amaneneza / mkaziyo popanda chifukwa, / osawona kuti ndinu omwe mukukumana nawo / zomwe mumayimba mlandu.
Kwa zomwe Ovid anali atalemba kale pamakalata awa: Iwe, munthu wokwiya, unditcha ine wachigololo / kuyiwala kuti ndiwe woyambitsa mlanduwu!
Momwemonso ndi epigram VIII, 24 wa Marcial: Yemwe amapanga ziboliboli zopatulika zagolide kapena marble / samapanga milungu; (koma) amene wawapempha (iwo).
Zomwe Sor Juana Inés akunena mu sonnet yake ya 1690 yokhudza akazi okongola:… chifukwa mukuganiza kuti, m'malo mokhala wokongola / ndi mulungu woti afunsidwe.
Mawu ena ochokera kwa olemba osiyanasiyana atha kusankhidwa. Komabe, izi zikuyenera kupitilizabe kugwira ntchito, popeza chikhalidwe cha New Spain sichimangogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa mu galamala, zongonena kapena ndakatulo komanso m'malo ena monga sayansi, nzeru ndi mbiri. Kuti tiwonetse izi, ndikwanira kutchula Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, m'modzi mwa malaibulale ofunikira kwambiri ku New Spain, momwe munalinso incunabula yomwe ili ndi siginecha yake ndi ndemanga zingapo zapakati, zomwe zidamuthandiza ntchito. Kuwerenga monga la Vitruvian Architecture (1497) kumawonekera pomwe amapanga ndikufotokozera malo opambana omwe anamangidwa mu 1680 kuti alandire wolowa m'malo watsopano, Marquis de la Laguna, komanso zomwe Brading adalongosola "ngati chipinda chamitengo chachikulu cha 30 mita okwera ndi 17 m'lifupi, motero zimatsatira malamulo amangidwe ". Momwemonso, zimadziwika kuti chipilalachi chimadzaza ndi ziboliboli ndi zolemba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zophiphiritsa zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi ziganizo ndi zizindikilo. M'mbuyomu zinali zachilendo kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chophiphiritsira chouziridwa ndi zolemba zakale (Greek and Roman), zipilala zaku Egypt ndi hieroglyphics, komanso ma hermeneutics omwe mwina adaphunzira kuchokera ku Corpus hermeticum (1493) ndi ntchito za Kircher, zomwe zidakulirakonso mu Theatre yake Yabwino Ndale. Zisonkhezero zoterezi zidafotokozera kulumikizana kwa kupembedza mafano ku Mexico ndi Aigupto komanso kufanana komwe kulipo pakati pa akachisi awo, mapiramidi, zovala ndi makalendala, zomwe adayesa kupatsa mbiri yaku Mexico maziko abwino kwambiri aku Egypt munthawi yake.
Kumbali ina, ziyenera kudziwika kuti Sigüenza monga mlangizi wa Count of Gálvez adayitanidwira kunyumba yachifumu kuti athetse kusefukira kwamzindawu, zomwe zidamukakamiza kuti awerenge kapena kukonzanso buku la On the aqueducts of Frontonius (1497). Sigüenza analinso ndi polygraph yosangalatsidwa ndimayendedwe akumwamba komanso zochitika zam'mbuyomu ndipo adawonetsa chidziwitso chake mu Libra astronomica et philosophica komwe amawonetsa kuthekera kwake pamutuwu, womwe adaphunzira chifukwa cholemba olemba akale a zakuthambo a 1499 kuti amatchula mobwerezabwereza.
Pomaliza, tidzakambirana za dera kapena luso lomwe linali loyenera kutengera incunabula kuti apange maziko. Ili ndilo Lamulo, logwirizana kwambiri ndi filosofi ndi maphunziro azaumulungu.
Zimadziwika kuti m'Chilamulo onse a Corpus iuris civilis a Justinian ndi Corpus iuris canonici adaphunziridwa, popeza ku New Spain kunalibe malamulo awo koma omwe amalamulira Spain amayenera kutengedwa. Kusintha kwalamulo kumeneku kunabweretsa matanthauzidwe angapo olakwika pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake; Kuwonetsa izi, ndikwanira kungonena mwachidule za ukapolo, kwa ena ndizololedwa chifukwa Aspanya asanafike panali akapolo kale ku America. Uku ndikumvetsetsa kwamalamulo komwe anthu akomweko atha kuwaganiziranso ngati akapolo ogwidwa kunkhondo, potaya ufulu wawo. ndi mawu ochokera m'buku la Corpus iuris civil, pankhaniyi akuti: "Pachifukwa ichi atha kutchedwa akapolo, chifukwa mafumu amalamula kuti ogulitsa agulitsidwe, chifukwa chake (ambuye) amakonda kuwasunga osati kuwapha. Juan de Zumárraga adatsutsa kutanthauzira kotero kuti sikunali kovomerezeka, popeza "kunalibe lamulo kapena chifukwa-… momwe (awa) angakhalire akapolo, kapena (mu) Chikhristu ... (chomwe) anali opondereza (amapita) motsutsana ndi lamulo lachilengedwe ndi la Khristu lomwe limati: "mwachibadwa anthu onse amabadwa omasuka kuyambira pachiyambi."
Mavuto onsewa adapangitsa kuti kuwunika malamulo aku Spain ndikupanga kwawo New Spain, chifukwa chake kupezeka kwa De Indiarum iure de Solórzano ndi Pereira ndi Cedulario de Puga kapena Laws of the Indies. Njira zatsopano zamalamulozi zidakhazikitsidwa ndi a Habeas iuris civilis ndi a canonici, komanso ndemanga zambiri zomwe akatswiri ndi ophunzira amagwiritsa ntchito monga Commentaries on the Habeas iuris canonici wolemba Ubaldo (1495), Council of Juan and Gaspar Calderino (1491), Tsatirani ndalama za dowry ndi malamulo a chiwongolero ndi mwayi (1491) kapena Pa chiwongola dzanja cha Plataea (1492).
Kuchokera pazomwe tawona pakadali pano titha kunena kuti incunabula ndiye magwero olemba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polalikira komanso kukulitsa nzeru ndi chitukuko cha New Spain. Ndikothekanso kutsimikizira kuti kufunikira kwawo sikuti ndikuti ndiye mabuku oyamba kusindikizidwa padziko lapansi komanso chifukwa ndi chiyambi cha chikhalidwe chathu chakumadzulo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake tiyenera kunyadira kukhala dziko lomwe lili ndi mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wazinthu izi ku Latin America, chifukwa popanda mabuku sipangakhale mbiri, zolemba kapena sayansi.
Source: Mexico mu Time No. 29 Marichi-Epulo 1999
